Acellular vaccines against Bordetella pertussis were introduced in Australia in 1997. By 2000, these vaccines had replaced whole-cell vaccines. During 2008-2012, a large outbreak of pertussis occurred. During this period, 30% (96/320) of B. pertussis isolates did not express the vaccine antigen pertactin (Prn). Multiple mechanisms of Prn inactivation were documented, including IS481 and IS1002 ...

Pro re nata (PRN, as-needed) medication is commonly used in forensic psychiatric inpatient care, but little known about the participation of patients its prescription and administration. This study describes patient PRN treatment care. Data were collected during interviews with 34 inpatients 19 registered nurses a Finnish hospital. The data underwent inductive content analysis. We found that wa...

The present study explores the concept of hybrid pertactin (PRN) molecules for immunizing against Bordetella pertussis. New molecules were designed using an additive/inclusive approach that comprehends the complete sequences/ regions of two different types of pertactin (Prn). PRN molecules bear the two variable R1 regions from Prn1 and Prn2. The genes of Prn1, Prn2 and six variants of PRN were ...

The main contribution of this work is to propose efficient randomized leader election and initialization protocols for Packet Radio Networks (PRN, for short). As a result of the initialization protocol, the n stations of a PRN are assigned distinct integer IDs from 1 ton. The results include protocols to: (1) initialize the single-channel PRN with the collision detection (CD) capability in O(n)...

BACKGROUND Pro re nata (PRN) prescription is a frequently used prescription method in hospitals. This study was conducted to investigate actual condition of PRN prescription and whether administration error occurred because of perception difference between doctors and nurses. METHODS From May to July 2012, a survey was conducted among 746 doctors and nurses (88 doctors and 658 nurses) working...

Bordetella pertussis isolates that do not express pertactin (PRN) are increasing in regions where acellular pertussis vaccines have been used for >7 years. We analyzed data from France and compared clinical symptoms among infants <6 months old infected by PRN-positive or PRN-negative isolates. No major clinical differences were found between the 2 groups.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the mental health accreditation program drives improvements in the clinical practice of giving pro re nata (PRN) antipsychotic medications for psychiatric inpatients. METHODS This study was conducted in October 2012, a record-based pre-post assessment design in psychiatric inpatient wards at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data collected...

Two complementary approaches were used in search of the intracellular targets of the toxic PR poly-dipeptide encoded by the repeat sequences expanded in the C9orf72 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The top categories of PRn-bound proteins include constituents of non-membrane invested cellular organelles and intermediate filaments. PRn targets are enriched for the inclusion of low complexi...

The virulence factor pertactin (Prn) is a component of pertussis vaccines and one of the most polymorphic Bordetella pertussis antigens. After the introduction of vaccination shifts in predominant Prn types were observed and strains with the Prn vaccine type (Prn1) were replaced by strains carrying non-vaccine types (Prn2 and Prn3), suggesting vaccine-driven selection. The aim of this study was...

Acceptable noise level (ANL) is unrelated to sentence recognition in noise but may be related to phoneme recognition in noise (PRN). Individual differences in efferent activity in medial olivocochlear bundle (MOCB) and acoustic reflex (AR) pathways may account for intersubject variability in ANL and PRN. Monotic and dichotic ANL, monotic PRN, contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoaco...