BACKGROUND This paper describes injection risk in an out-of-treatment population of young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam, including use of a soft-tissue portal known as a "cay ma" (injection sac). METHODS Data from a large cross-sectional survey (N=1270) are used to describe the prevalence of this practice and its association with disease. Additionally, data from an ethnographic substudy on i...

Major use Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH) belongs to antipsychotic drugs, also called neuroleptics; and it is mainly used for the treatment of neurological disorders. CPH has sedative, hypotensive and antiemetic properties. CPH, which is an aliphatic phenothiazine, was first synthesized in 1952. It was extensively studied and used as a model for a big class of neuroleptic agents. Haloperidol...

The objective of this investigation was the development of chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex based mucoadhesive nasal insert of promethazine hydrochloride a drug used in the treatment of motion sickness. A 32 factorial design was applied for preparing chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex and to study the effect of independent variables i.e. concentration of xanthan [X1] and concentra...

The objective of this investigation was the development of chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex based mucoadhesive nasal insert of promethazine hydrochloride a drug used in the treatment of motion sickness. A 32 factorial design was applied for preparing chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex and to study the effect of independent variables i.e. concentration of xanthan [X1] and concentra...

Promethazine hydrochloride at a concentration of 0.033 mg/ml has pronounced effects on leukocyte metabolism and function. The drug inhibits the phagocytosis-induced increases in O(2) consumption and hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Associated with these effects is an inhibition of the iodination of zymosan particles and an inhibition of bacterial killing by the cell. At least two mechanisms...

Promethazine hydrochloride, a 5-HT3 antagonist is a powerful antiemetic drug with an oral bioavailability of 25% due to extensive hepatic first pass metabolism and is extremely bitter in taste. To overcome the above draw backs, the present study was carried out to formulate and evaluate fast dissolving taste masked wafers of Promethazine hydrochloride for sublingual administration. Taste maskin...

A study of 887 consecutively born immigrant Greek and 220 Anglo-Saxon Australian infants has shown that serum bilirubin concentrations are influenced by these factors: breast feeding, delivery with forceps, gestation, birthweight, sex of the infant, presence of hypoxia, presence of blood group incompatibility, a positive direct Coombs's test, maternal sepis, and administration to the mother of ...

The objective of this investigation was the development of chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex based mucoadhesive nasal insert of promethazine hydrochloride a drug used in the treatment of motion sickness. A 3(2) factorial design was applied for preparing chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex and to study the effect of independent variables i.e. concentration of xanthan [X1] and concent...

a multi-walled carbon nanotube modified paste electrode (mwcn-pe) was used for determination of promethazine (pmz) in drug formulations and blood plasma by cyclic voltammetry (cv) and differential pulse voltammetry (dpv) methods. results revealed that the mwcn-pe shows an electrocatalytic activity toward the anodic oxidation of pmz by a marked enhancement in the current response in buffered sol...

Xylazine hydrochloride, α2 adrenoceptor agonist, is an analgesic, sedative, tranquilizer, and muscle relaxant agent in veterinary medicine which is mostly used as in pre-anesthesia in veterinary medicine. One of the main adverse effects of xylazine which limits application of this medication in small animal veterinary practice (mostly in cats) is nausea and vomiting which can end up with aspira...