The Shiite school has been the promoter of movements that have stood up to oppression, and this political thought has shaped Shiite political and social movements and movements throughout history. Historically, the turning point of the Shiite revolution and the formation of Shiite protest movements and events is the Ashura event, and the land of Karbala as the holy land of the Shiites and the p...

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs), Social Enterprises and other actors play an important role in political decisions in governments at the international levels. Especially, such organizations’ and activists’ network in civil society is quite important to effect to the global politics. To solve the complex social problems in global era, diverse actors should co...

Social media has emerged to be a popular platform for people to express their viewpoints on political protests like the Arab Spring. Millions of people use social media to communicate and mobilize their viewpoints on protests. Hence, it is a valuable tool for organizing social movements. However, the mechanisms by which protest affects the population is not known, making it difficult to estimat...

In the late 1990s and through 2001, consumer activists protested Nike’s alleged “sweatshops” around the globe. This was a new sort of protest that went beyond the picket lines and boycotts of the past – this protest extensively used email and listservs to spread messages and mobilize action at an unprecedented pace and for a very low cost (Peretti and Micheletti 2011). Nike responded to the con...

This paper interrogates some common assumptions about social movements, focusing on the relationship between feminist protest events and institution-building. It uses data from a unique project tracking the evolution of the Australian women’s movement to consider how feminist protests, feminist services and feminist policy agencies developed in the Australian sub-national state of New South Wal...

Contentious events often come in waves, but they are seldom homogeneous. A series of contentious events over the past two years were the result of the global financial crisis that began in the United States in 2008 and ultimately diffused around the world. But it was in Greece and the European Union that the crisis hit hardest. There, conventional protest, violence, and political contention com...

Abstract Fiscal austerity is a policy characteristic of governments that adhere to conservative economic ideologies. In recent decades, however, especially after the 2009 Eurozone Crisis, leftist and left-centre coalition have also adopted policies. While it documented fiscal incurs electoral costs upon incumbent these depend on their partisanship, whether how partisanship government affects pa...