performance appraisal systems are affected by organizational social context. social context consists of tow factors, distal variables, and, proximal variables. distal factors include but are not limited to organizational culture, organizational structure, and, values. proximal variable categorize as both process factors and structural factors. in this paper the process factors were examined. th...

BACKGROUND p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a recently identified anionic uremic toxin, is the main circulating metabolite of p-cresol. In cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD), it might be associated with cardiovascular outcomes and the progression of CKD. However, the renal excretion pathway of PCS is currently unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine whether organic anion transpor...

BACKGROUND Uremic toxins are considered to have a determinant pathological role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to define the putative pathological roles of the renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in kidney fibrosis induced by (indoxyl sulfate) IS and (p-cresol sulfate) PCS. METH...

Studies in rodents revealed that selective accumulation of Na(+) channel subtypes at the axon initial segment (AIS) determines action potential (AP) initiation and backpropagation in cortical pyramidal cells (PCs); however, in human cortex, the molecular identity of Na(+) channels distributed at PC axons, including the AIS and the nodes of Ranvier, remains unclear. We performed immunostaining e...

Background: Management of displaced proximal humeral fractures is subject of ongoing debate. Objectives: We aimed to review our results of operative treatment of proximal humeral fractures compared to age-, sex, and fracture-type controlled conservative treatment. We hypothesized that there is no significant difference in upper-extremity specific disability between patients treated with operati...

The term pseudocontingency (PC) denotes the logically unwarranted inference of a contingency between 2 variables X and Y from information other than pairs of xi, yi observations, namely, the variables' univariate base rates as assessed in 1 or more ecological contexts. The authors summarize recent experimental evidence showing that PCs can play a pivotal role in many areas of judgment and decis...

Intracellular accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins in the setting of cardiorenal syndrome leads to adverse effects on cardiorenal cellular functions, where cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis are the hallmarks. In this study, we sought to determine if Apoptosis Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream regulator of cellular stress response, mediates cardiac hypertrophy and c...

To characterize the sequence of retrograde atrial activation in the presence of dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways, we analyzed electrophysiologic data from seven patients in whom discontinuous AV nodal and ventriculoatrial conduction curves could be induced with programmed electrical stimulation. In all patients, electrograms of the high right atrium (HRA), lateral right atrium (LRA), l...

Whether one is a 'Road Warrior,' telecommuter, or a primarily deskbound worker, the distinction between work and other contexts is becoming less distinct, and the need to access information from multiple spaces becomes increasingly important. Combining 'always-on', 'always-connected' home and work PCs, web, and wireless telecommunications enables individuals to remain one with their information...

Spike generation is most effectively controlled by inhibitory inputs that target the perisomatic region of neurons. Despite the critical importance of this functional domain, very little is known about the organization of the GABAergic inputs contacting the perisomatic region of principal cells (PCs) in the basolateral amygdala. Using immunocytochemistry combined with in vitro single-cell label...