A fundamental way of describing a photon-limited imaging system is in terms of a Poisson random process in spatial, angular and wavelength variables. The mean of this random process is the spectral radiance. The principle of conservation of radiance then allows a full characterization of the noise in the image (conditional on viewing a specified object). To elucidate these connections, we first...

An analytical model characterizing the atmospheric radiance field over a non-Lambertian surface divides the radiation field into three components: unscattered radiance, single-scattering radiance, and multiple-scattering radiance. The first two components are calculated exactly. A δ-four-stream approximation is extended to calculate the azimuth-independent multiple-scattering radiance over a no...

Article history: Received 14 January 2016 Received in revised form 8 August 2016 Accepted 7 September 2016 Available online xxxx This study examines the evolution of the GERB-2 and GERB-1 Edition 1 shortwave radiance calibration between 2004–2007 and 2007–2012 respectively, through comparisonwith CERES instrument FM1Edition 3A SSF instantaneous radiances. Two periods when simultaneous observati...

This study describes the development and validation of a Radiance model for a translucent panel. Using goniophotometer data combined with integrating sphere measurements, optical properties of the panel were derived and converted into a Radiance model using the trans and transdata material types. The Radiance model was validated in a full scale test room with a facade featuring the translucent ...

background: inadequate use of these techniques probably increases the risks of radiography. this study has been accomplished in 2016 to determine medical students and residents of birjand university of medical science awareness levels of principles of protection in radiologic imaging. methods: in this descriptive research, all medical students, including externs, interns, radiology residents an...

Measurements of the radiance distribution and fluence rate within turbid samples with fiber-optic radiance microprobes contain a large variable instrumental error caused by the nonuniform directional sensitivity of the microprobes. A general theory of three-dimensional radiance measurements is presented that provides correction for this error by using the independently obtained function of the ...