This article traces the metrological history of radiocarbon, from the initial breakthrough devised by Libby, to minor (evolutionary) and major (revolutionary) advances that have brought (14)C measurement from a crude, bulk [8 g carbon] dating tool, to a refined probe for dating tiny amounts of precious artifacts, and for "molecular dating" at the 10 µg to 100 µg level. The metrological advances...

Many readers know the tale of how William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) calculated the age of the Earth from physical principles and adhered for over 50 years to an estimate that was far younger than geologists’ estimates, despite the virtually unanimous opposition of the geological community of the time. The prevalent version of this tale alleges that the discovery of radioactivity simultaneousl...

Radio communications using ultra wideband (UWB) frequency have rapidly developed since the beginning of the year 2000. This technique offers advantages that made it attractive to a large number of civilian and military applications. The aim of this work is the study of the geometry features of a UWB antenna and the improvement of the bandwidth by inserting slots. To obtain a very large bandwidt...

The Egyptian state was formed prior to the existence of verifiable historical records. Conventional dates for its formation are based on the relative ordering of artefacts. This approach is no longer considered sufficient for cogent historical analysis. Here, we produce an absolute chronology for Early Egypt by combining radiocarbon and archaeological evidence within a Bayesian paradigm. Our da...

Seven giant radio pulses were recorded from the millisecond pulsar PSR B1937+21 during ≈ 8.1 minutes observation by the Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT) at 326.5 MHz. Although sparse, these observations support most of the giant pulse behavior reported at higher radio frequencies (430 to 2380 MHz). Within the main component of the integrated profile, they are emitted only in a narrow (∼ 47 μs) window...

Radiocarbon dating is one of the main methods used to establish peat chronologies. This article reviews the basis of the method and its application to dating of peat deposits. Important steps in the radiocarbon dating procedure are described, including selection and extraction of material (and fractions) for dating, chemical and physical preparation of media suitable for measurements, measureme...

Note References below that are in red italics indicate published methodology works by M.A. Tamers Ph.D., D.Sc. and J.J. Stipp Ph.D., owners of BETA Analytic Inc., who were among the originators of the Benzene Method of Radiocarbon Dating. Between the two of them they have published well over 100 articles on geochronology and research related to the Benzene Method of Radiocarbon dating. An addit...

Many advances have been made in radiocarbon dating of bone organics, but research on 14C dating of bone inorganic carbon has lagged significantly behind. Using mammoth bone, enamel, and tusk from the Dent and Murray Springs Clovis sites, experiments with the Haas and Banewicz technique of bone apatite dating by step heating demonstrate that accurate radiocarbon ages can be produced from bone ap...