Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is responsible for amphibian declines worldwide. Decreasing the aquatic density of this chytrid through consumption its infectious zoospores by Cladocera (water fleas) may mitigate impact chytridiomycosis. Understanding predator-prey relationship requires insights in zoospore ingestion rate an average water flea, but such data are almost non-existent. We investiga...

It has recently been claimed that the functional response of predators depends on the numbers of prey and predators only via their ratio. Contrary to this claim, I argue that such "ratio-dependent" functional responses are very unlikely to occur on theoretical grounds and have not been shown empirically. Previous justifications for ratio-dependent functional responses ignore the role of these r...

protein hydro-lysate was prepared from gold striped sardine (sardinella gibossa) by papain. hydrolysis conditions (time, temperature, and enzyme activity) were optimized by response surface methodology (rsm) using a factorial design and anti-oxidative activity was the dependent variable. results of the total determination coefficient, adjusted r2 and predicted r2 indicating the validity of pred...

This article presents a delayed susceptibility, exposure, infectivity, recovery, and vaccination (SEIRV) model with nonlinear incidence ratio-dependent functional responses. Model limitations local stability analyses were examined strict consideration of delay awareness. In addition, the presence Hopf bifurcations as bifurcation parameter was investigated along feature distributions appropriate...