During the past two decades, there have been tremendous developments in near-field imaging and local probing techniques. Examples are the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope (NSOM), Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM), and Scanning Thermal Microscope (SThM).Results showed that the average reflectance for a dopant con...

Relative diffuse reflection measurements from the original and ground surfaces using a He-Ne laser are reported. The intensity measurements for the metallic, transparent dielectric, matte plastic surfaces and colored papers are presented. Our results indicate that among metallic surfaces tested, aluminum has the highest diffuse reflectance; while the original stainless steel surface shows the l...

Albedo/reflectance is of great importance for glaciers’ mass balance and energy budget. Elevation could be a major factor of influence for glacier reflectance, and therefore when studying glacier reflectance, the altitude ranges should be considered. However, due to the limitations of traditional earth observation systems, conventional analyses usually consider the spatial and temporal patterns...

areas surrounding mines are severely vulnerable to pollution due to mine explorations, excavations and transportations. nowadays spectrophotometers and spectral reflectance are applied for estimating the concentration of pollutants due to high costs of sampling and laboratory measurements. this research was carried out to determine spatial distribution of lead concentration in soil particle siz...

publication of Letters containing new, significant material in (who in effect has served as the referee and whose sponsorrapidly advancing areas of optics judged compelling in their ship will be indicated in the published Letter) and A COMMITtimeliness. The author of such a Letter should have his MENT FROM THE AUTHOR'S INSTITUTION TO PAY THE PUBLICATION manuscript reviewed by an OSA Fellow who ...

In this paper we suggest a modification to the Beckmann-Kirchhoff model of rough surface reflectance that can be used for surfaces of intermediate roughness. One of the problems with the existing Beckmann model is that it fails for large angles of incidence. This problem was overcome for rough surfaces by Vernold and Harvey who use a Lambertian form factor. Here we take this work one step furth...

Shade and sun leaves of Valencia orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were collected to evaluate comparative effects of their leaf chlorophyll concentration, water content, thickness, and mesophyll volume of air on visible light reflectance, specifically the 0.45-, 0.55-, and 0.65-#m wavelength (WLs). The reflectance at the 0.45-, 0.55-, and 0.65-/~m WLs of sun leaves but not shade leaves was n...

salinization and alkalization are the most problem in the arid and semi-arid regions, where precipitation is low than evapotranspiration. under such a climatic condition, soluble salts are accumulated in the soil, which cause lessening of the soil productivity and fertility. so, the identification of the salt affected areas is essential for sustainable soil management. the specific objective of...

rice cultivated areas and yield information is indispensable for sustainable management and economic policy making for this strategic food crop. introduction of high spectral and special resolution satellite data has enabled production of such information in a timely and accurate manner. knowledge of the spectral reflectance of various land covers is a prerequisite for their identification and ...