Background: The particular function of the left anterior human insula on emotional arousal has been illustrated with several case studies. Only after left hemispheric insula lesions, patients lose their pleasure in habits such as listening to joyful music. In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (fMRI) activation in the left anterior insula has been associated with both processing of e...

Background Myocardial salvage, as determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is increasingly used as an endpoint in clinical trials. In order to calculate myocardial salvage, the infarct size needs to be related to myocardium at risk (MaR). MaR has previously been assessed by both T2-weighted imaging and contrast enhanced SSFP (CESSFP). The aim of this study was to determine how T2...

When exposed to low temperatures, many insect species enter a reversible comatose state (chill coma), which is driven by a failure of neuromuscular function. Chill coma and chill coma recovery have been associated with a loss and recovery of ion homeostasis (particularly extracellular [K(+)], [K(+)]o) and accordingly onset of chill coma has been hypothesized to result from depolarization of mem...

Low temperature causes loss of neuromuscular function in a wide range of insects, such that the animals enter a state known as chill coma. The ability to recover from chill coma (chill coma recovery time) is often a popular phenotype to characterise chill tolerance in insects. Chill coma in insects has been shown to be associated with a decrease in haemolymph volume and a marked increase in [K(...

Drosophila, like most insects, are susceptible to low temperatures, and will succumb to temperatures above the freezing point of their hemolymph. For these insects, cold exposure causes a loss of extracellular ion and water homeostasis, leading to chill injury and eventually death. Chill-tolerant species are characterized by lower hemolymph [Na(+)] than chill-susceptible species and this lowere...

BACKGROUND Temperate fruit and nut trees require adequate winter chill to produce economically viable yields. Global warming has the potential to reduce available winter chill and greatly impact crop yields. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We estimated winter chill for two past (1975 and 2000) and 18 future scenarios (mid and end 21st century; 3 Global Climate Models [GCMs]; 3 greenhouse gas e...

A variety of environmental and metabolic cues trigger the transient activation of the alternative transcription factor SigB of Bacillus subtilis, which subsequently leads to the induction of more than 150 general stress genes. This general stress regulon provides nongrowing and nonsporulated cells with a multiple, nonspecific, and preemptive stress resistance. By a proteome approach we have det...

This paper presents results from recent experiments with Chill, a corpus-based parser acquisition system. Chill treats language acquisition as the learning of search-control rules within a logic program. Unlike many current corpus-based approaches that use statistical learning algorithms, Chill uses techniques from inductive logic programming (ILP) to learn relational representations. Chill is ...

Insects enter chill coma, a reversible state of paralysis, at temperatures below their critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and the time required for an insect to recover after a cold exposure is termed chill coma recovery time (CCRT). The CTmin and CCRT are both important metrics of insect cold tolerance that are used interchangeably, although chill coma recovery is not necessarily permitted by a...