The optimal management of opioid-related side effects is hampered by a lack of comparative studies of management strategies. The prevalence of such side effects is influenced by the extent of disease, the patient's age, the presence of coexistent renal and hepatic disease, pulmonary disease, and cognitive dysfunction, a prior opioid history, use of polypharmacy, dose of opioid drug being admini...

esfarzeh is a name used for two species of plantago genus, belonging to plantaginaceae family. in the iranian traditional medicine (itm) texts, esfarzeh is called bazreghatuna, and have different therapeutic effects including treatment of hoarseness of chest, pharynx, and tongue warm palpitation constipation caused by bile abdominal cramps gastric and intestinal ulcers arthralgia solid edema an...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic auto-immune disease. most therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease direct immune modulation and control of inflammatory processes. first-line therapeutic agents showed moderate efficacy and frequent side-effects with moderate efficacy in trials. their parental administration and limited long-term adherence restrict their efficacy compared with se...

previous, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been used for treatment of patients with immunodeficiency. however, recent studies have shown that ivig is a suitable approach for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. although the exact mechanism of ivig action is not well known, recent findings have demonstrated that ivig impacts on expression and function of fc receptors of immuno...

pain in icu patients should be managed effectively and safely. fentanyl and paracetamol are used frequently in icu. however experience using iv paracetamol in the setting of critically ill patients is limited. we evaluated the analgesic effect and adverse reactions of intravenous paracetamol compared to fentanyl in icu patients with mild to moderate pain. forty patients in a general icu were ra...

objective: this study sought to explore university of ghana business school diploma student's knowledge of contraceptives, types of contraceptives, attitudes towards contraceptive users, preference for contraceptives, benefits, and side-effects of contraceptives. materials and methods: data was conducted with three sets of focus group discussions. participants were systematically sampled from a...

depression is a serious disorder in today’s society, with the estimates of lifetime prevalence being as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. as defined by the american psychiatric association, depression is a heterogeneous disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. such patients are often reluctant to take sy...

a 73-year-old female patient developed a generalized tonic-clonic seizure on the 6th day after treatment with moxifloxacin 400 mg daily intravenously for appendicitis. this patient had atrial fibrillation and history of a surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage, with impaired renal function and liver function, but without history of seizures. moxifloxacin was discontinued and switched to cefuroxim...

background: the challenge of antiepileptic drugs (aeds) management is to attain the best compromise between the desire to maximize seizure control and the need to keep side‑effects within tolerable limits for the individual patient. to reduce devastation in iranian epileptic patients, the aim of this study was to explore the overall outcome following aeds prescription. methods: a cross‑sectiona...

Acute myopia following use of some drugs is a relatively rare condition. Topiramate prescribed for seizure prophylaxis is one of these drugs. In this paper a case of acute transient myopia after taking topiramate is reported. The reported patient is a 28-year old woman who had no history of any eye disease. Following consumption of topiramate pill for one week, she had found blurred vision ...