purpose: e is a commonly use letter for illiterates or those who could not read english to measure visual acuity. the e chart is the mainly used charts in iran. however, they do not have the standards. they are in different format, fixed for 6 meter test, with or without lighting, with unequal number of letters in each line and different contrasts. as a result, there is an essential need for a ...

In the quest to unveil the nature of the orthographic code, a useful strategy is to examine the transposed-letter effect (e.g., JUGDE is more confusable with its base word, JUDGE, than the replacement-letter nonword JUPTE). A leading explanation of this phenomenon, which is line with models of visual attention, is that there is perceptual uncertainty at assigning letters ("objects") to position...

Observation of a multifaceted mathematical-computational structure of Quran through analysis of its letter and word frequencies and important implications of such observations have been extensively explained and discussed in a recent article: “Khodadoost B. (2015) The Computed Scripture: Exponentially Based Fourier Regulated Construct of Quran and its fundamentally important Consequences". In t...

the grammarians have mentioned fourteen meanings for the letter bā’, which at least in five cases it is applied in substitute for another letter (fī, min, ‘an, ‘alā, ilā). is this application simply a substitution or a higher purpose is intended by it? it is to be noted that the qur’ān is divine word and his everlasting sign and it is not possible that in two identical phrases two different let...

One basic feature of the Arabic script is its semicursive style: some letters are connected to the next, but others are not, as in the Uyghur word [see text]/ya xʃi/ ("good"). None of the current orthographic coding schemes in models of visual-word recognition, which were created for the Roman script, assign a differential role to the coding of within letter "chunks" and between letter "chunks"...