A connectionist model is presented, the TraceLink model, that implements an autonomous "off-line" consolidation process. The model consists of three subsystems: (1) a trace system (neocortex), (2) a link system (hippocampus and adjacent regions), and (3) a modulatory system (basal forebrain and other areas). The model is able to account for many of the characteristics of anterograde and retrogr...

Introduction: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which have been implicated in memory formation, could be noncompetitively blocked by ketamine. The present study examines the short term effect of ketamine on induction of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in male rats using Morris water maze (MWM). Methods: Male N-MRI rats were randomly divided into nine experimental groups. MWM stud...

For patients with hippocampal pathology, disagreement exists in the literature over whether retrograde amnesia is temporally limited or very extensive depending on whether the anatomical damage is restricted to this structure or also involves additional temporal cortex. We report a comprehensive assessment of retrograde and anterograde memory functions of a severely global amnesic patient (VC)....

In humans, the phenomenon of temporally graded retrograde amnesia has been described in the clinic and the laboratory for more than 100 years. In the 1990s, retrograde amnesia began to be studied prospectively in experimental animals. We identified 13 published studies in which animals were given equivalent training at two or more separate times before damage to the fornix or hippocampal format...

Glossary Alcoholic blackout Amnesia without loss of consciousness, in which the intoxicated person retains the ability to perform certain ‘automatized’ behaviors, without any subsequent memory for the episode. Amnesia A special case of forgetting in which the memory loss is greater than would be expected under ordinary circumstances. Anterograde amnesia affects memory for events occurring after...

We report two cases of recovery from retrograde amnesia, which occurred almost suddenly, 1 year and 1 month from onset, respectively. Amnesia followed a left thalamic infarction in one patient and a mild head trauma in the other. Full and permanent recovery occurred within a short time after the spontaneous emergence to consciousness of a single autobiographical event, triggered by the specific...

Damage to the hippocampal region and related medial temporal lobe structures (perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices) impairs new learning (anterograde amnesia) as well as memory for information that was acquired before the damage occurred (retrograde amnesia). We assessed retrograde amnesia with the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and with a news events test in six patien...

Studies of retrograde amnesia have focused on autobiographical memory, with fewer studies examining how non-autobiographical memory is affected. Those that have done so have focused primarily on memory for famous people and public events-relatively limited aspects of memory that are tied to learning during specific times of life and do not deeply tap into the rich and extensive knowledge struct...