The growth of fluorescence imaging technology and the development of sensitive fluorescent retrograde tracers has provided many new approaches for analyzing neuronal circuits. Fluorescent markers provide unparalleled opportunity for combining axonal tract tracing with techniques such as immunohistochemistry or physiological recording. This unit describes the use of six different fluorescent tra...

Retrograde transport, in which proteins and lipids are shuttled between endosomes and biosynthetic/secretory compartments such as the Golgi apparatus, is crucial for a diverse range of cellular functions. Mechanistic studies that explore the molecular machinery involved in this retrograde trafficking route are shedding light on the functions of transport proteins and are providing fresh insight...

Received 2 January 2003; accepted 29 January 2003 ABSTRACT The tracing of neural pathways continues to be an important concern for neuroanatomy. During the second half of the nineteenth century, at a time when the foundations of neuroanatomy were being established, tracing pathways often required laborious dissections by hand. Then, neuroanatomy experienced a methodological revolution in the be...

The origins of nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and substance P were investigated in the rat stomach, pancreas, and colon, using immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde tracing and surgical and chemical denervation procedures. Compared with nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and galanin, which have primarily local origin...

The most important step of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is planning the puncture site. A well selected puncture will facilitate nephroscopic navigation and stone clearance. The traditional methods for planning the puncture are intravenous urogram or retrograde pyelogram. Either of these imaging tools is adequate, but new tools such as 3D reconstructed tomography should be more accurate. ...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of midazolam sedated Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with unsedated ERCP in patients 70 years of ages and older. Methods: Seventy elderly patients 70 years of age or older who underwent ERCP were divided into two groups: midazolam sedated group (n=43) and unsedated group (n=27). Procedure time, su...

Hanna Vihervaara Endoscopic biliary procedures: studies on cannulation and stenting From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku and the Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Medica-Odontologica 2013, Turku, Finland Deep cannulation is a prerequisite for successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures....

Pancreatitis is a common, costly, and occasionally devastating complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Since post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is important and potentially preventable, a comprehensive approach to risk reduction should be employed by all who perform ERCP. Strategies to reduce the incidence of PEP, which should be considered in every case, include though...

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases but is invasive and may induce various complications, such as pancreatitis, cholangitis, hemorrhage and perforation. For successful and safe ERCP procedures first, initial selective cannulation without complications is essential. However, even in experts, selective bil...