Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis is a commonly used method for the study of mRNA expression throughout the field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) research. This technology is simple and sensitive; however the results may vary significantly due to the use of various reference genes (RGs) as normalizers. Therefore, the reliable use of RGs is vital for obtaining accurate result...

Since their discovery more than 20 years ago, regulators of G protein-signaling (RGS) proteins have received considerable attention as potential drug targets because of their ability to modulate Gα activity. Efforts to identify small molecules capable of inhibiting the protein-protein interactions between activated Gα subunits and RGS proteins have yielded a substantial number of inhibitors, es...

G protein signaling pathways are essential for all aspects of cell and organ physiology, and the involved proteins have long served as primary drug targets. At the most basic level, these proteins include a signal-receiving G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), a transducing heterotrimeric G protein (G subunits), and a signal-generating downstream target effector. These proteins work together to t...

Regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins are GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits, and are therefore physiologically and pathophysiologically important negative regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor signalling in the cardiovascular system. Owing to the functional redundancy of many of the 20 RGS, and more than 20 RGS-like, proteins even within a sing...

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) comprise a diverse group of about 40 proteins which determine signaling amplitude and duration via modulation of receptor/G protein or receptor/effector coupling. Several members of the RGS family are expressed in the brain, where they have precise roles in regulation of important physiological processes. The unique functions of each RGS can be attributed...

Experiments using heterologous overexpression indicate that regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins play important roles in Gbetagamma-mediated ion channel modulation. However, the roles subserved by endogenous RGS proteins have not been extensively examined because tools for functionally inhibiting natively expressed RGS proteins are lacking. To address this void, we used a strategy in...

Reference genes (RGs) with uniform expression are used for normalization of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) data. Their optimization for a specific biological context, e.g. a specific tissue, has been increasingly considered. In this article, we compare RGs identified by expression data meta-analysis restricted to the context tissue, the jejunum of Mus musculus domesticus, i) t...

Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS proteins) are a family of highly diverse, multifunctional signalling proteins that share a conserved 120 amino acid domain (RGS domain). RGS domains bind directly to activated Galpha subunits and act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to attenuate and/or modulate hormone and neurotransmitter receptor-initiated signalling by both Galpha-GTP and Gbetagamm...

Signal transduction through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is central for the regulation of virtually all cellular functions and has been widely implicated in human disease. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS proteins) belong to a diverse protein family that was originally discovered for their ability to accelerate signal termination in response to GPCR stimulation, thereby reducing th...

High-resolution photoelectron spectra of RgS(-) (Rg = Ne, Ar, and Kr) were obtained using slow electron velocity-map imaging (SEVI). The SEVI spectra reveal well-resolved vibrational transitions between multiple spin-orbit states of RgS(-) and RgS, both of which are open-shell species. Detailed assignments are made by comparison with theoretical simulations based on high level ab initio calcula...