b a ckground: a survey on tick species composition was carried out in golestan province iran during year 2010–2011.the aim was to determine tick species parasitizing domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics. methods: a total of 124 sheep, 92 goats, 84 cattle, 74 camels and 12 horses in several villages were inspected for tick infestation. the collected ticks preserved in 70% al...

In India, small ruminants contribute in providing economic security to small, landless and marginal farmers. Parasitic diseases are important cause of production losses in small ruminants the world over. Of these, gastrointestinal (GI) nematodosis is a common parasitic infection of small ruminants in India including sub-Himalyan region of northern India (Yadav et al., 2009). It is caused by mix...

Gastrointestinal helminths challenge ruminants in ways that reduce their fitness. In turn, ruminants have evolved physiological and behavioral adaptations that counteract this challenge. Ruminants display anorexia and avoidance behaviors, which tend to reduce the incidence of parasitism. In addition, ruminants appear to learn to self-medicate against gastrointestinal parasites by increasing con...

Ruminants live in various parts of land. Similar cloven hooves assist ruminants in adapting to different ground environment during locomotion. This paper analyzes the general terrain adaptability of the feet of ruminants using kinematics of the equivalent mechanism model based on screw theory. Cloven hooves could adjust attitude by changing relative positions between two digits in swing phase. ...

Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is widely distributed in the environment, but also has the ability to cause serious invasive disease in ruminants and humans. This review provides an overview of listeriosis in ruminants and discusses our insufficient understanding of reservoirs and possible cycling ofL. monocytogenes between animal and human hosts, food and the environment. It indicates gaps in our ...

Neonate ruminants possess little cell-wall and starch degrading enzyme activity. Importantly, early establishment of fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic capacities is influential for the early expansion of the reticulorumen epithelia. Such an early development in reticulorumen fermentation will enable a timely hepatic adaptation to volatile fatty acids assimilation. The early nutrient relea...

After the identification of 5-10% of trans-unsaturated acids, mainly elaidic (trans-octadec-9-enoic) and vaccenic (trans-octadec-11-enoic), in ox fat (Swern, Knight & Eddy, 1952), it has been shown in this Laboratory (Hartman, Shorland & McDonald, 1954, 1955) that substantial amounts of these acids appear in the depot fats of other ruminants (3-5-11-2 %) and in certain marsupials (18-1-21-0 %),...

The biological antagonism between copper and molybdenum was discovered when cattle grazing pastures high in Mo were found to develop a syndrome characterized by diarrhoea, growth retardation, anaemia and achromotrichia, which could be prevented by administering Cu. This syndrome was subsequently reproduced in non-ruminants, but further studies revealed important differences in the nature of the...

The biological antagonism between copper and molybdenum was discovered when cattle grazing pastures high in Mo were found to develop a syndrome characterized by diarrhoea, growth retardation, anaemia and achromotrichia, which could be prevented by administering Cu. This syndrome was subsequently reproduced in non-ruminants, but further studies revealed important differences in the nature of the...