abstract the present research accomplished to determination of the trade liberalization effects on import function of iran’s wheat crop using time series data from 1357 to 1387 that earn from sources such as agricultural and aerology statistics annual letter, customhouse and iran central bank website.in this investigation, at first, wheat liberalization index was measured by using level of inte...

Uncertainty appears to have both a short-run and a long-run component, which we measure using rm and macro implied volatility data from options of 30 days to 10 years duration. We ask what may be driving uncertainty over these di erent time horizons, nding that oil price volatility is particularly important for short-run uncertainty, policy uncertainty is particularly important for long-run unc...

abstract protection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. applying ardl, the study investigates effects of protection policy in agricultural sector on total factor productivity of this ...

energy carriers including electricity play a critical role in human societies development, and as the time passes, their importance in the human socio-economic life rises. therefore, knowing electricity demand and the factors affecting on it could have an effective role in economic decision-making. while dividing electricity demand into different consuming sectors, this study uses economic vari...

the main objective of this study was to evaluate the response of consumers to changes in income and prices of chicken meat in the short run and long run. in order to achieve this goal, vector auto regression (var) and vector error correction model (vecm) have been applied to data since 1974 to 2007. impulse response function (irf) calculation indicated that past and present consumption of chick...

the relationship between economic growth and developments in the ‎financial sector has been one of the most discussed areas in economics ‎for a long time; and the direction of causality – whether financial ‎development causes economic growth or vice versa – is by no means a ‎settled issue.‎this paper investigates the short- run and long-run granger causality ‎between financial development and e...

T his paper empirically examines the relationship among exports, foreign direct investment, current account deficit and economic growth in Pakistan during the period 1975-2016.We adopted the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration together with ECM techniques to trace the long-run as well as the short-run relationships. The results demonstrate the existence o...