The effects of androgens on male-typical traits suggest that variation among males in circulating levels can play a major role in sexual selection. We examined whether variation in vocal attractiveness is attributable to differences in androgen levels among Great Plains toads (Bufo cognatus). We found that noncalling "satellite" males practicing an alternative mating tactic were more likely to ...

The spatial distributions of the most recently discovered ultra faint dwarf satellites around the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy are compared to the previously reported discs-of-satellites (DoS) of their host galaxies. In our investigation we pay special attention to the selection bias introduced due to the limited sky coverage of SDSS. We find that the new Milky Way satellite galaxies foll...

Under abnormal troposphere, Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) is unable to eliminate troposphere delay, resulting in non-nominal troposphere error. This paper analyzes the troposphere meteorological data of eight International GNSS Monitoring Assessment System (iGMAS) stations and 10 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in China and records the most serious conditions during 2015 and...

We compute the velocity dispersion profile, σ v (r p), for the satellites of host galaxies in the Two Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) and in the ΛCDM GIF simulation. The host–satellite selection algorithm yields 1345 host galaxies in the 2dFGRS with luminosities in the range 0.5 L * b J ≤ L ≤ 5.5 L * b J , for which a total of 2475 satellite galaxies is found. The magnitudes of the...

Spaceborne GNSS-R (global navigation satellite system reflectometry) is an innovative and powerful bistatic radar remote sensing technique that uses specialized GNSS-R instruments on LEO (low Earth orbit) satellites to receive GNSS L-band signals reflected by the Earth’s surface. Unlike monostatic radar, the illuminated areas are elliptical regions centered on specular reflection points. Evalua...

In this study, two novel learning algorithms have been applied on Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to approximate the functions with high non-linear order. The Probabilistic Evolutionary (PE) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) techniques are proposed to significantly minimize the error functions. The main idea is concerning the various strategies to optimize the procedure of Gradient ...

In anticipation of the future GNSS constellations becoming operational, it will no longer be possible to assume that the probability of failure for more than one satellite within a certain timeframe is negligible. Further, it is questionable whether it is always reasonable to compute a position estimate based on all satellites in view, rather than selecting the “best” subset. The Range Consensu...