The patterned activity generated by the pyloric circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, results not only from the synaptic connectivity between the 14 component neurons but also from differences in the intrinsic properties of the neurons. Presumably, differences in the complement and distribution of expressed ion channels endow these neurons with many...

We examined the origins and functional evolution of the Shaker and KCNQ families of voltage-gated K(+) channels to better understand how neuronal excitability evolved. In bilaterians, the Shaker family consists of four functionally distinct gene families (Shaker, Shab, Shal, and Shaw) that share a subunit structure consisting of a voltage-gated K(+) channel motif coupled to a cytoplasmic domain...

Ionic currents underlie the firing patterns, excitability, and synaptic integration of neurons. Despite complete sequence information in multiple species, our knowledge about ion channel function in central neurons remains incomplete. This study analyzes the potassium currents of an identified Drosophila flight motoneuron, MN5, in situ. MN5 exhibits four different potassium currents, two fast-a...

Shaker, a voltage-dependent K+ channel, is enriched in the mushroom bodies (MBs), the locus of olfactory learning in Drosophila. Mutations in the shaker locus are known to alter excitability, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and olfactory learning. However, a direct link of Shaker channels to MB intrinsic neuron (MBN) physiology has not been documented. We found that transcripts f...

IPSec provides two types of security algorithms, symmetric encryption algorithms (e.g. Data Encryption Standard DES) for encryption, and one-way hash functions (e.g., Message Digest MD5 and Secured Hash Algorithm SHAl) for authentication. This paper presents performance analysis and comparisons between these algorithms in terms of time complexity and space complexity. Parameters considered are ...

Different Shaker family alpha-subunit genes generate distinct voltage-dependent K+ currents when expressed in heterologous expression systems. Thus it generally is believed that diverse neuronal K+ current phenotypes arise, in part, from differences in Shaker family gene expression among neurons. It is difficult to evaluate the extent to which differential Shaker family gene expression contribu...

introduction one of the animal breeding aims is increasing the economic efficiency. therefore, mating among selected animals in order to enhance economic efficiency should also supply variation in population for next generations’ selection. this study was performed to estimate performance in cross breed lambs resulting from crosses of shal, moghani, afshari and varamini rams with varamini ewes,...

In this study, we perform the first genetic analysis of K+ currents in Drosophila embryonic neurons revealing the identity of the currents present. Unlike muscles, where the presence of Shaker is obvious, Shaker currents are not detectable in these neurons. In contrast, we show that Shal is as important in these neuronal cell bodies as Shaker is in muscles. Only three single-channel currents we...