one of the practices, particularly important in shi'ism is to pay khums.somesunnites believe there is merely one verse in quran concerning khums; thus itisnot so important. this single verse includes the spoils of war, not business profitand trade as shiites believe in it. but shiites criticize sunnites argument asfollows: 1- firstly, there is more than one quranic verse regarding it, seco...

Religions and sects ensure that the past is always recreated in order to protect their sense of belonging pass it on future generations. One most important tools this carried out through religious rituals. Shiism one schools thought which ritualistic religiosity common. The Karbala case played an role transition from a political movement theological phase gaining sectarian belongings. In Shiite...

Power indices suggest that adding new members to a voting body may affect the balance of power between the original members even if their number of votes and the decision rule remain constant. Some of the original members may actually gain even if voters are bargaining over a fixed budget. We show that this phenomenon can occur as an equilibrium of a non-cooperative bargaining game based on the...

Iraq is abundant with natural resources and its geographical location makes it strategically important. It is composed of a mountainous region in the northeast and the vast Syrian Desert, inhabited by a few nomadic shepherds. In the southwest lies the heart of the country which is a fertile lowland region watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Most of the population is Muslim Arabs, divide...