With the increasing knowledge of shortwave radiation, it is widely used in wireless communications, radar observations, industrial manufacturing, and medical treatments. Despite of the benefits from shortwave, these wide applications expose humans to the risk of shortwave electromagnetic radiation, which is alleged to cause potential damage to biological systems. This review focused on the expo...

This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate heat wave events Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency WRF model was evaluated forecasting over Karachi using three different LSS, namely NOAH, NOAH-MP, RUC. In addition this we have used longwave (RRTM) shortwave (Dudhia) all schemes....

Abstract. Reliable simulation of wind fields under stable weather conditions is vital for preventing air pollution. In this study, we investigate how different physical parameterizations impact simulated near-surface at 10 m height over the coastal regions North China using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a horizontal grid spacing 0.5 km. We performed 640 simulations combinati...

Thermal radiation significantly impacts the energy balance of human beings, and is usually assessed via mean radiant temperature Tmrt. The longwave down-welling radiation (LDR) and the up-welling from ground (LUR) are rarely measured, but are in the same order of magnitude as daily means of shortwave irradiation. This study evaluates simple, but theoretically based algorithms for LDR and LUR by...

The quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model (QTCM1) is implemented and tested. The formulation, described by Neelin and Zeng, uses a Galerkin framework in the vertical, but with basis functions tailored to quasi-equilibrium deep convective physics via analytical solutions. QTCM1 retains a single vertical structure of temperature and humidity. For a balanced treatment of dynamics and subgri...

Few of the Pelecaniformes are globally threatened, although some island and inland populations of pelecaniform birds have become extinct in the face of habitat loss and contamination. In some species (e.g., double-crested cormorant, white pelican), numbers are increasing with near-exponential growth, while in others (e.g., Dalmatian pelican) population abundance is rapidly decreasing. Island sp...

The meteorological component of the CSRMC is based on a modified height coordinate prototype version of the nonhydrostatic, compressible Weather and Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF model is a community model which is being developed in a collaborative effort by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the Air Fo...

lightning is a characteristic of severe weather and often associated with hail and heavy rainfall. it is a natural hazard with potential threat to human life and considerable damages to aviation structures. therefore, lightning prediction is critical and the real-time lightning detection systems are able to determine the location of cloud-to-ground (cg) lightning strikes accurately.generally ma...

Daily net surface radiation fluxes are estimated for Indian land mass at spatial grid intervals of 0.1 degree. Two approaches are employed to obtain daily net radiation for four sample days viz., November 19, 2013, December 16, 2013, January 8, 2014 and March 20, 2014. Both the approaches compute net shortwave and net longwave fluxes, separately and sum them up to obtain net radiation. The firs...