as the first important controversy in the history of islam,imamate made the first religious sects and branches among the muslims the most important shia sects of shia ithnaashari,since its founding,the ismaili sect and the zaidiyyah the political life social and continue. imagine that each of these two categories of imamat, during the first centuries of islam. this article is based on relying o...

The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is among the most common evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. Until recently, however, a genome-wide view of this transition has been obscured by both a dearth of appropriate data and the lack of appropriate population genomic methods to interpret such data. Here, we present a novel population genomic analysis detailing the origin of the...

The composition of genetic variation in a population or species is shaped by the number of events that led to the founding of the group. We consider a neutral coalescent model of two populations, where a derived population is founded as an offshoot of an ancestral population. For a given locus, using both recursive and nonrecursive approaches, we compute the probability distribution of the numb...

The research aims to study the impact of organizational pride on business continuity in private colleges and universities Baghdad, problem is summarized main question (were academic leaders able employ enhance continuity? applied education sector, city Baghdad were field for this. was selection community based founding year college or university as more than ten years have passed since its foun...

~us writes Sayyid Qutb, the founding father • ~f the Islamic Brotherhood in Egypt, in a polemic essay! which levels at Christians the common Islamic accusation that they suffer from a 'hideous schizophrenia' encapsulated in the exhortation to 'render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's.' Since its inception, Islam has presented unprecedented challenges to...

I n 1925, founder John Keefe 1 and in 1974, the late Tom Perry delivered presidential addresses to the New England Surgical Society (NESS) recounting the essential happenings of surgery in Rhode Island from its founding to the mid-19th century. We will not repeat the details of those excellent essays, but events from that era must be reviewed to permit an understanding of the course of events s...

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