Packet sniffing is a technique of monitoring network traffic. It is effective on both switched and nonswitched networks. This paper discusses several methods that result in packet sniffing on Layer 2 switched networks. Each of the sniffing methods will be explained in detail. The purpose of the paper is to show how sniffing can be accomplished on switched networks, and to understand how it can ...

Neuroimaging studies suggest that piriform cortex is activated at least in part by sniffing. We used H(2)(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) to study 15 healthy volunteers while they participated in four conditions, two of which were sniffing odorants and odorless air. The remaining two conditions involved a constant, very low flow of either odorized or odorless air during velopharyngeal c...

background: therapeutic effects of lithium in manic-depressive disorders have been clarified. during the present study, the effects of lithium carbonate have been assessed on apomorphine-induced sniffing in rats. materials and methods: male albino rats were housed in a glass cylinder and food and water were freely available till 60 minutes before the experiment. immediately after apomorphine in...

Petrol sniffing (and other forms of inhalant misuse) occur within some Aboriginal communities across Australia. However, there is little documented information about the nature and combination of interventions that are most effective in addressing it. This article reviews published and unpublished literature relevant to petrol sniffing in Australian Aboriginal communities. A range of strategies...

Sniffing, which is the active sampling of olfactory information through the nasal cavity, is part of the olfactory percept. It is influenced by stimulus properties, affects how an odor is perceived, and is sufficient (without an odor being present) to activate the olfactory cortex. However, many aspects of the affective correlates of sniffing behavior remain unclear, in particular the modulatio...

Along with the trend in networked computing environments towards largely unbounded network infrastructures, the traditional anti-sniffing issue meets a great challenge. This paper presents a distributed anti-sniffing approach in which varied anti-sniffing methods including protection methods, detection methods and countermeasure methods are integrated smoothly. This idea is also valuable for so...

False negatives are recorded in every chemical detection system, but when animals are used as a scent detector, some false negatives can arise as a result of a failure in the link between detection and the trained alert response, or a failure of the handler to identify the positive alert. A false negative response can be critical in certain scenarios, such as searching for a live person or dete...

Memory for odour information may result from temporal coupling between the olfactory and hippocampal systems. Respiration defines the frequency of olfactory perception, but how the respiratory rate affects hippocampal oscillations remains poorly understood. The afferent connectivity of the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DB) proposes this region as a crossroads between respirat...