It is well known that Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) from orthogonal designs (ODs) are single-symbol decodable/symbol-by-symbol decodable (SSD) and are obtainable from unitary matrix representations of Clifford algebras. However, SSD codes are obtainable from designs that are not orthogonal also. Recently, two such classes of SSD codes have been studied: (i) Coordinate Interleaved Orthogonal De...

Continuous-wave mode-locked femtosecond 2-m solid-state laser with a c-cut Tm:CaYAlO4 (6 at.%) as gain medium was experimentally demonstrated. The mode locked laser generated stable pulses with average output power as high as 531 mW, pulse duration of 496 fs, and repetition rate of 97 MHz at 1975 nm. The research results show that Tm:CaYAlO4 is an excellent gain medium for femtosecond pulse ge...

Solid-state lasers are typically limited by adverse thermal effects within the gain medium. In this Letter we describe a new method for dramatically reducing thermal effects in an end-pumped solid-state laser by incorporating a rotating intracavity periscope in the resonator to spatially separate the lasing and thermal processes. In contrast with previous examples of moving solid-state lasers, ...

Based on the type of laser gain medium, lasers are mostly divided into four categories; gaseous, liquid (such as dye lasers), semiconductor, and solid state lasers. In recent past years, solid state lasers have been attracted considerable attentions in industry and scientific researches to achieve the high power laser devices with good beam quality. In solid state lasers the gain medium might b...

banana is one of the most important tropical fruit from commercial and industrial point of view. this fruit is an extremely perishable fruit which can not be preserved using freezing process. therefore, drying is the most promising method. conventional air drying is energy intensive and consequently expensive method. pre-treatments can be used to reduce the initial water content or to modify th...

Picosecond solid-state lasers are attractive for many industrial and scientific applications, such as precision material processing (Dausinger et al., 2003; Breitling et al., 2004), nonlinear optics (McCarthy & Hanna 1993; Ruffling et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2007) and laser spectroscopy (Mani et al., 2001). In contrast with traditional laser processing performed with 10-100 ns multi-kHz sources,...

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) cubes of 12.5 × 12.5 × 12.5 mm thick were osmosed for 4 h in sugar syrup of 30, 40 and 50°Brix concentration and temperatures of 30 and 50°C at constant syrup to fruit ratio of 5:1. Osmosed and unosmosed aloe vera samples were hot air dried at 50, 60, 70 and 80°C with constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The water loss, solid gain and convective drying behaviour...

OBJECTIVE To assess whether child care arrangements influence infant feeding practices and weight gain among US infants. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of data collected by the US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. SETTING A nationally representative sample of infants enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort at baseline. PARTICIPANT...