Falsification may demarcate science from non-science as the rational way to test the truth of hypotheses. But experimental evidence from studies of reasoning shows that people often find falsification difficult. We suggest that domain expertise may facilitate falsification. We consider new experimental data about chess experts’ hypothesis testing. The results show that chess masters were readil...

Introduction: Wushu Sanda is a Chinese combat sport. Objective: To measure the time-motion structure of elite female wushu sanda athletes during 13th World Championships in different weight divisions (light, middle, and heavy categories) competition phases (eliminatory, quarterfinals, semifinals finals). Material methods: Fifty-five from 31 countries participated 46 matches competition. All mat...

the purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented spectators with offensive behavior of the spectators. a total of 727 researcher-made ...

Aims: Hormones' response to competition and their relation to sport matches have been extensively investigated in male and less widely in female athletes. Stress is an irresistible part of every sport match which is mostly caused by competition. In the present study, female volleyball players were examined for changes in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and salivary cortisol in response to competi...

We analyze a dynamic model of strategic interaction between the league organizing a professional sport, the teams playing the tournament organized by this league, and broadcasters competing for the rights to televise their matches. Teams and broadcasters maximize expected pro ̄ts, while the league's objective may be either to maximize the demand for the sport or to maximize the teams' joint pro ̄...

Abstract. The player of squash has a choice between two options when his/her opponent changes the score from 8:7 to 8:8. The player to receive has to decide whether to play until 9th or until 10th point. We observe in this paper that the score of the squash game can be modelled as a Markov chain. Thus using standard techniques of Markov processes, we can derive the optimal strategy for the squa...

BACKGROUND Harmful gambling is a significant public health issue. Alongside the rapid diversification of gambling products, are rapid increases in the marketing for specific types of gambling products, such as online wagering. While concern has been raised about the impact of gambling promotions during sporting matches on the gambling beliefs and behaviours of adolescents, very little research ...

The impairment of vision, especially the blindness, generates specific kind of locomotion with characteristic bending of body, stepping gate, short steps etc. (Dziedzic, 1980). It creates, among other things, characteristic anterior and backward curvatures of spine. Sport activity by playing sport games influences the values of the curvatures in sagittal plane only in small part. However the ef...

OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with adult squash players' protective eyewear behaviours. METHODS A survey of 303 players (aged >or =18 years) was conducted at three squash venues in Melbourne, Australia over a three week period in June 2000 to obtain information about protective eyewear use. RESULTS Of 303 participants the response rate was 98.1%; 66.1% were males, with a mean ag...