middle of squares, one of the components of physical aspect is considered as an appropriateindicator in designing successful urban squares, which consequently promotes visual quality. the present study aims todetermine how the above mentioned aspect was presented in the middle-ages and renaissance within italian squares.considering the aim of the investigation, library studies as well as visual...

squares as urban spaces are the arena for people formed by physical proportions and variety offunctions such as religious, commercial, cultural, etc. shohada square as a focal point in mashhad , is one of themain arteries of access to holly shrine of imam reza and makes access to utilities and major axes . according tothe former urban pattern and its position in the traditional context of surro...