Billions of sleepers are used on railways around the world today. As importance in transportation sector is increasing, demand for also increasing. Although wooden and steel were rail systems past, today most widely sleeper type reinforced concrete sleepers. Among these sleepers, pre-stressed used, popular that can be produced many countries. The two main production methods ribbed system non-ri...

We compared good sleepers with minimally and highly distressed poor sleepers on three measures of daytime functioning: self-reported fatigue, sleepiness, and cognitive inefficiency. In two samples (194 older adults, 136 college students), we tested the hypotheses that (1) poor sleepers experience more problems with daytime functioning than good sleepers, (2) highly distressed poor sleepers repo...

BACKGROUND It is not clear whether cognitive decline progresses more quickly in long sleepers than in short sleepers or than in participants with usual sleep duration. We assessed cognitive decline as a function of self-reported sleep duration in a prospective population-based cohort (NEDICES). METHODS Participants were evaluated at baseline and 3 years later. Baseline demographic variables w...

Neurophysiological processes underlying auditory memory and attention are impaired in habitually short sleepers. The aim of this study was to use dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to study the mechanisms of these impairments in short sleepers. Eight normal sleepers (total sleep time (TST)=7-8h) and nine habitual short sleepers (TST ≤ 6 h) participated. The time in bed was increased from habitual (≤...

One of the safety-critical components ballasted track systems is railway sleepers whose main functions are to (i) transfer vertical load, (ii) maintain rail gauge, and (iii) restrain longitudinal movement. Railway can be manufactured using timber, concrete, steel, composite, any other engineered materials. Prestressed concrete most commonly used type worldwide because their superior value-for-m...

Railway concrete sleepers have been developed and utilized in railway industry for over 50 years. Cyclic loading because of vibration on sleepers due to the train loading and the velocity of train itself and also a small percentage of bad wheels, can eventually lead to a crack network and failure of component. The objective of this study is to investigate the load carrying capacity of the selec...

Concrete sleepers have been widely used throughout the world as an alternative for timber sleepers. In North America, heavy-haul railroads have increased their use of concrete sleepers in recent years for a variety of factors. According to an international survey conducted by researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), railroad industry representatives consider center ...

This study investigates propagation of mode I crack in B70 pre-stressed concrete sleepers by fracture mechanics approach. A new experimental analysis is done for notched B70 pre-stressed concrete sleepers with Replica test and image analysis. A scanning electron microscope test (SEM) and an image analysis are applied for the Replica test in order to determine crack length and crack mouth openin...

Epidemiological studies of short and long sleepers have not been conducted previously. We collected socioeconomic, psychological, and polysomnographic characteristics of 6501 parents (3252 men and 3249 women) of 4036 primary school children in Guangzhou city. The study data were collected in three phases. The overall prevalence of short (5 h or less) and long (10 h or more) sleep duration was 0...

BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder can be both a risk factor and symptom of mood episodes. However, the associations among sleep and clinical characteristics, function, and quality of life in bipolar disorder have not been fully investigated. METHODS The prevalence of sleep disturbance, duration, and variability, as well as their associations with mood, function, and quality of ...