Modernization of the agricultural production system led to a significant increase in annual food intended meet ever-growing consumer demand. In many countries, most grains produced is stored for contingency and regular supply. These grains, general, are directly or indirectly infested by insects, resulting severe grain damages storage losses, thus, causing threat safety security. Although varie...

laboratory bioassays were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of silicosec? against 7 - 14 day old adults, old and young larvae of tribolium castaneum (herbst) with the mean ? se (n = 30) weight of 3.4 ? 0.1 and 0.6 ? 0.1 mg, respectively at 27?c and 55 ? 5% rh. wheat treated with four dose rates of silicosec? and untreated wheat served as a control with three replications. adult?...

In economics comparative analysis plays the same role as experimental research in physics. In this paper we closely examine several methodological problems related to comparative analysis by investigating the specific example of grain markets in China and France respectively. This enables us to answer a question in economic history which has so far remained pending, namely whether or not market...

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites that cause intoxication when consumed by animals, including humans. Fungi that produce mycotoxins are called toxigenic fungi. The toxigenic fungi do not produce mycotoxins after they have been ingested by animals and humans. Toxigenic fungi grow in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, silage and other food, feed crops or hay in the field, and in gra...

The insecticidal pyrazole ethiprole, applied at rates of 7.5 and 10.0 ppm either alone or in combination treatments with deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, was evaluated as a protectant of stored wheat and stored corn. The commodities were treated with six treatment combinations, including an untreated control, and held for 6 mo at 22, 27, or 32 degrees C and 57% RH. Bio...

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in order to assess the insecticidal and repellency effects of a novel Turkish diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Detech) on adults rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 Tenebrionidae), lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) Bostrichidae). F...

Protein-enriched pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major stored grain pests, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). A unique and valuable aspect of the protein-enriched pea flour is that it is not toxic several parasitoids that are associated with two of these insect pests. ...

In 2005 the United States Environmental Protection Agency registered spinosad as a grain protectant at 1 μg(AI)/g. The effectiveness of spinosad at 1 μg(AI)/g against many beetle and moth pests of stored grains is well established. In recent years, several psocid species have emerged as economically important pests in various stored-product environments in many countries, including the United S...

Spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin efficacy at labeled rates on hard red winter wheat were evaluated against 11 field strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); six strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and two strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), collected mostly from farm-stored grain in Kansas. Adu...