In positive systems, inputs, state variables and outputs take only non-negative values. Examples of positive systems are industrial processes involving chemical reactors, heat exchangers and distillation columns, storage systems, compartmental systems, or water and atmospheric pollution models. A variety of models revealing the behaviour of positive linear systems can be found in engineering, m...

In positive systems, the inputs, state variables and outputs take only non-negative values. Examples of positive systems are industrial processes involving chemical reactors, heat exchangers and distillation columns, storage systems, compartmental systems, or water and atmospheric pollution models. A variety of models having positive linear system behaviour can be found in engineering, manageme...

Coal tar is obtained by cooling the gas that is formed during the destructive distillation of coal to approximately ambient temperature. It is a black, viscous liquid composed primarily of a complex mixture of condensed-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. It may contain phenolic compounds, aromatic nitrogen bases and their alkyl derivatives, and paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Coal-tar pitch is t...

This paper reports the pyrolytic treatment of granulated scrap tires (GST) in a pilot distillation unit at moderate temperature (550°C) and atmospheric pressure, to produce oil, char and gas products. Tire-derived oil is a complex mixture of organic C(5)-C(24) compounds, including a very large proportion of aromatic compounds. This oil has a high gross calorific value (∼ 43 MJ kg(-1)) and N and...

Volatile organic emissions from the distillation and pyrolysis of vegetation J. P. Greenberg, H. Friedli, A. B. Guenther, D. Hanson, P. Harley, and T. Karl National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 80307-3000, USA Received: 4 August 2005 – Accepted: 6 September 2005 – Published: 22 September 2005 Correspondence to: J. P. Greenberg ([email protected]) © 2005 Author(s). This wo...

The interpretation of the isotopic composition of Andes tropical mountain glaciers is reconsidered using a simple Rayleigh distillation model. It is shown that Andes snowline depression and Huascaran ice core δO are consistent with a 3C drop in sea surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by an increase from 40% at present to 60% during the LGM in the annual mean proport...

Global warming is increasing permanently, because the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is rising continuously. According to National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was 407 ppm in June 2016 and 413 ppm in April 2017 as a last record for now. If the effects of other greenhouse gases, such as CH4, N<su...