INTRODUCTION Previous studies have demonstrated the superior efficacy of a novel aerosol foam formulation of fixed combination calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% (BD), compared with the ointment formulation. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether enhanced bioavailability of the active ingredients due to supersaturation and/or occlusive properties can explain...

[1] Understanding the nature of air parcels that exhibit ice supersaturation is important because they are the regions of potential formation of both cirrus and aircraft contrails, which affect the radiation balance. Ice-supersaturated air parcels in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the North Atlantic are investigated using Lagrangian trajectories. The trajectory calculations u...

The supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) represents a new thermodynamically stable formulation approach wherein it is designed to contain a reduced amount of surfactant and a water-soluble polymer (precipitation inhibitor or supersaturated promoter) to prevent precipitation of the drug by generating and maintaining a supersaturated state in-vivo. The supersatur...

BACKGROUND Significant precipitation produced by the dilution of diazepam (DZP) injection with an infusion fluid is a great concern for the clinical practice. In this study, the precipitation behavior under different conditions was investigated. METHOD For the sample preparation, DZP injections (Horizon injection and Cercine injection) were diluted with various infusion fluids (Saline, 5% glu...

A supersaturated design is a design whose run size is not large enough for estimating all the main effects. The goodness of multi-level supersaturated designs can be judged by the generalized minimum aberration criterion proposed by Xu and Wu [Ann. Statist. 29 (2001) 1066–1077]. A new lower bound is derived and general construction methods are proposed for multi-level supersaturated designs. In...

A formally exact Kirkwood-Buff virial formula for the surface tension of a supersaturated interface is derived. A modified Gibbs ensemble method is given that allows the creation of interacting supersaturated phases of equal chemical potential, and which enables the Kirkwood-Buff formula to be applied. The methods are tested by Monte Carlo simulation of a supersaturated Lennard-Jones fluid with...

Orthogonality or near-orthogonality is an important property in the design of experiments. Supersaturated designs are natural when we wish to investigate the main effects for a large number of factors but are restricted to a small number of runs. These supersaturated designs, by definition, cannot satisfy pairwise orthogonality of all the factor columns in the designmatrix. Hence, we need amean...

This paper investigates minimal dependent sets used for evaluating supersaturated designs. Unlike the popular E(s) criterion, the criteria based on minimal dependent sets directly capture the properties of designs in terms of estimation and identification of active factors. This paper provides a theoretical investigation into the number and structure of minimal dependent sets in a supersaturate...

The study of nucleation and growth from supersaturated ion solutions is a key area of interest in biomineralization research and beyond with high-resolution in situ imaging techniques such as liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) attracting substantial attention. However, there is increasing experimental evidence that experiments performed with this technique differ from those pe...

BACKGROUND One of the primary goals of critical care medicine is to support adequate gas exchange without iatrogenic sequelae. An emerging method of delivering supplemental oxygen is intravenously rather than via the traditional inhalation route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas-exchange effects of infusing cold intravenous (IV) fluids containing very high partial pressures o...