In this paper we examine the questions "What does it mean to be a surrogate mother?" and "What would be an appropriate perspective for a surrogate mother to have on her pregnancy?" In response to the objection that such contracts are alienating or dehumanising since they require women to suppress their evolving perspective on their pregnancies, liberal supporters of surrogate motherhood argue t...

In this paper we examine the questions “What does it mean to be a surrogate mother?” and “What would be an appropriate perspective for a surrogate mother to have on her pregnancy?” In response to the objection that such contracts are alienating or dehumanising since they require women to suppress their evolving perspective on their pregnancies, liberal supporters of surrogate motherhood argue t...

iqala (cancelling of the contract) is a legal act that is formed by sides' satisfactory contract and makes it breakup. imami, hanbali and shafei jurists revocate the iqala. hanafi jurists account iqala revocation into sides of contract, but a new transaction into outsiders. from the maleki jurists viewpoint, iqala is a new transaction, but civil code accounts the iqala tafasokh (breaking u...

Abstract The study summarizes opinions of 7504 representatives the medical community on organizational issues surrogacy programs, rights, and responsibilities their participants. Although Russian lawyers are yet to consolidate in developing legal framework, health professionals think that aspects crucial. Almost all believe surrogate mothers contracting parents should be offered a lawyer before...

The Baby M case 1 has forced us to take sides in the public debate over surrogate motherhood. Last year, advocates of this form of noncoital reproduction praised the New Jersey trial court for supporting the freedom to contract for such "womb renting" services, while critics warned that enforcement of such surrogacy contracts would condone the sale of babies and the exploitation of women as bab...

Revocation functionality is crucial for the practicality of the public key cryptosystems including signcryption. When a user’s private key is corrupted by hacking or the period of a contract expires, the cryptosystems must provide a revocation method to revoke the misbehaving/compromised user. However, little work has been published on key revocation in identity-based signcryption. We propose a...

In the public key cryptosystems, revocation functionality is required when a secret key is corrupted by hacking or the period of a contract expires. In the public key infrastructure setting, numerous solutions have been proposed, and in the Identity Based Encryption (IBE) setting, a recent series of papers proposed revocable IBE schemes. Delegation of key generation is also an important functio...

by considering the competitive advantages of takaful over conventional insurances, such as sharing the underwriting profit (surplus) and return of investment, an investigation into and providing the takaful model based on shiite jurisprudence is necessary and unavoidable. accordingly, with a survey of the legal structure of conventional takaful and identification of its problems according to im...