anti malaria agents including chloroquine and hydroxichloroquine are commonly used for rheumatic diseases e.g. systemic erythematous lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. one of the most important systemic side effects of these agents is ocular side effects (chloroquine toxicity retinopathy). regarding to importance of early detection of this toxicity, the patients who take these drugs should be evalu...

systemic antibiotics in conjunction with scaling and root planing (srp), can offer an additional benefi t over srp alone in the treatment of periodontitis, in terms of clinical attachment loss (cal) and pocket depth change, and reduced risk of additional cal loss. however, antibiotics are not innocuous drugs. their use should be justifi ed on the basis of a clearly established need and should n...