Background: Energy storage devices utilise platinum group metals (PGMs) for their operation and exhibit an increasing adoption rate as green energy production means. Europe consumes the largest amount of PGMs worldwide (ca. 20% global demand), with EU demand reaching ~71.5 t Pd, 78.7 Pt in 2019; ~90% 54% respectively (electro)catalysts. prices are on rise, while thes...

Abstract The purpose of this study is to design a Photovoltaics (PV) stand-alone system for residential load in Bunaken Island using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resources). Island, the case location, popular tourist spot North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This island facing issue limited access electrical energy from grid. and techno-economic analysis leveraged software. software was dev...