Based on the research background of improving personal thermal comfort and promoting building energy efficiency, systems (PCSs) have recently received considerable attention. The thermoelectric conversion unit (TECU) has great potential in PCSs as it is compact size, environmentally friendly highly reliable. Aiming to improve heat exchange this paper investigates structural optimization sink fo...

A high-accuracy Global Ionosphere Model (GIM) is significant for precise positioning and navigating with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), as well as space weather applications. To obtain a precise GIM, it is critical to take both the ionospheric observable and mathematical model into consideration. In this contribution, the undifferenced ambiguity-fixed carrier-phase ionospheric o...

Accurately predicting total electron content (TEC) during geomagnetic storms is still a challenging task for ionospheric models. In this work, neural-network (NN)-based model proposed which predicts relative TEC with respect to the preceding 27-day median TEC, storm time European region (with longitudes 30°W–50°E and latitudes 32.5°N–70°N). The (referred as TEC), latitude, longitude, universal ...

In this study, we present a Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI)-aided equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) detection method based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ionospheric (TEC). This technique seeks the EPBs occurrence time according to ROTI values and then extracts detrended TEC series, which include signals using low-order, partial polynomial fitting strategy. The over Hon...

Abstract Real-Time Kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP–RTK) is inextricably linked to external ionospheric information. The PPP–RTK performances vary much with the accuracy of information, which derived from different network scales, given prior variances, and obtained under disturbed conditions. This study investigates relationships between performances, in terms precision convergence tim...

High resolution (∼ 1 arcminute) astronomical imaging at low frequency (≤ 150 MHz) has only recently become practical with the development of new calibration algorithms for removing ionospheric distortions. In addition to opening a new window in observational astronomy, the process of calibrating the ionospheric distortions also probes ionospheric structure in an unprecedented way. Here we explo...

We show how it is possible to combine GPS/MET oc-cultation data with ground data collected from 100+ IGS stations to perform stochastic tomography of the ionospheric electron content with a 3D global grid of voxels extending up to 2000 km above the mean surface of the Earth, and thus produce temporal series of 3D images of the ionospheric electron content. A correlation functional approach that...

In recent years, real-time global ionospheric map (RT-GIM) products have been actively developed by the international navigation satellite system (GNSS) service (IGS) and its ionosphere associate analysis centers (IAACs) along with increase of RT-GNSS multi-frequency multi-constellation observations. this study, accuracy consistency three RT-GIM from Chinese Academy Sciences (CAS), Wuhan Univer...