estrogens foster immunological processes driven by cd4+ th2 cells and b cells and androgens foster th1 cd4+ and cd8+ cell activity. higher levels of ifn-gamma and il-2 and lower levels of il-4 and il-10 are detected in the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte culture supernatants of men compared with women. it is documented that the physiologic levels of estrogens produced during the luteal...

background: although many experimental studies provide convincing evidence that type ii immunity is protective against helminths, recent data in mice demonstrate that th1 is also impor-tant in some cestodes like hymenolepis nana. objective: to identify the role of th1 and th2 lymphocytes in immunity against h. nana, the levels of il-12, ifnγ, il-5, and il-13 were de-termined in serum of humans ...

objective(s): multiple sclerosis (ms) is known as a progressive inflammatory cns disease. cytokines belong to th1 or th2 family and inflammatory cells, play significant role in pathophysiology of ms. thus, any treatment supposed to influence the relation between th1 to th2 cytokines expression. although vitamin d has been prescribed as a therapeutic supplement of ms for a long time, it is not c...

background t-helper (th) lymphocyte cytokine production may be important in the immune pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections. th1 cytokines such as; interleukin- 2 (il-2), and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) are necessary for host antiviral immune responses, while th2 cytokines (il-4, il-10) can inhibit the development of these effector mechanisms. objectives the aim of the present st...

gamma irradiation is routinely used for suppression of lymphocyte function in transfusion and transplantation procedures. in recent years, some investigators focused on the effects of ionizing radiation on special aspects of lymphocyte function and considered the possibility of its clinical application for treatment of some immunological disorders. in this study, we evaluated the effects of fiv...

Various strategies for dealing with COVID-19 have been carried out since the WHO declared as an international health emergency. One of preventive is development vaccines. vaccines developed worldwide. As April 13, 2021, there were 184 vaccine candidates in pre-clinical phase and 16 currently III clinical trials using several platforms, such inactivated viruses, vector protein subunits, mRNA. Cl...