The thalamus is a paired structure joined at the midline and located at the center of the brain (Figure 10.1 ). Each half is roughly the size of a walnut. The main part of the thalamus is divided into a number of discrete regions, known as relay nuclei. These contain the relay cells that project to the cerebral cortex. (In this chapter, cortex refers to neocortex, which does not include the hip...

The medial diencephalon, in particular the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nuclei, has long been linked to memory amnesia. provide a dense input into via mammillothalamic tract. In both animal models, patients, lesions of bodies, tract nuclei all produce severe impairments temporal contextual memory, yet it is uncertain why these regions are critical. Mounting evidence from electrophysi...

We examined the projection from the basal forebrain to thalamic and cortical regions of the visual system in cats, with particular reference to the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, and the striate cortex. First, we made injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the visual sector of the thalamic reticul...

objective: previous studies showed that grape seed extract (gse) is an excellent natural substance with potent antioxidant effect and free radical scavenger. this study aimed to evaluate the effect of gse on motor dysfunctions and thalamic local electroencephalography (eeg) frequency bands' powers in rats with parkinson's disease (pd). materials and methods: in this study 8 µg 6-hydro...

Many brain structures project to both the anteroventral thalamic nucleus and the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. In the present study, pairs of different tracers were placed into these two thalamic sites in the same rats to determine the extent to which these nuclei receive segregated inputs. Only inputs from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the principal extrinsic cholinergic source for thes...

This study was carried out to investigate the pattern of neuronal activations that occur in the obese fa/fa Zucker rat during food deprivation. The functional activation of neurons was estimated in lean and obese Zucker rats either fed ad libitum or food-deprived for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours by assessing the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos. To identify the neurons instigating the act...

The hippocampal formation and anterior thalamic nuclei form part of an interconnected network thought to support memory. A central pathway in this mnemonic network comprises the direct projections from the hippocampal formation to the anterior thalamic nuclei, projections that, in the primate brain, originate in the subicular cortices to reach the anterior thalamic nuclei by way of the fornix. ...

The aim of the paper is to investigate influence thalamo-cortical connectivity on conscious perception visual stimuli. We conducted simulation experiments changing key parameters our spike timing neural network model and decision making that are supposed be related perception, namely bottom-up top-down connections between thalamic relay, including Thalamic reticulate nucleus (TRN) Lateral genic...

Discussion Anatomical and functional data The MDTN is the second largest nuclear aggregation located within the medial part of the thalamus and is closely related to the centromedian/parafascicular nucleus complex3. Distinct thalamic nuclei, like the MDTN and centromedian/parafascicular complex, are embedded in different basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, which integrate cognitive and emotion...

Retinal projections were studied with autoradiographic and silver methods in the gar, Lepisosteus osseus, one of the two surviving members of the holostean actinopterygians. Contralaterally, the retina projects to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and, via the medial optic tract, to the dorsal thalamus, medial ventral thalamic nucleus, nucleus pretectalis profundus pars ventralis and pa...