Plato in Theory of Philosopher-King believes that all of the members of ideal city-state, whether ruler or citizens, will attain happiness if the philosopher is the ruler. But there are paradoxes in the theory and the bases of the happiness are unstable too. In other words, Plato in his theory presents hierarchical dualities (Intelligible/Visible world, Episteme/ Doxa,True/ Untrue Or Shadow, …)...

In this two hundredth anniversary year of his death, we are met to celebrate the life and career of Joseph Priestley—and most of us celebrate the wrong man, for the wrong reasons. We celebrate the pneumatic chemist who, in a flurry of random experiments made over a period of five years, isolated and partially identified nine new gases, including oxygen—and the man who spent roughly five times a...