ferdous al-hekma book is one of the traditional medicine resources in the islamic civi-lization legacy. ali ibn rabn tabari, its author, has lived in the third century ah. his-torians disagree on the author’s correct name, but the name of ali ibn rabn tabari is of the most interest to them. this name seems more correctly because rabn means “our teacher” in judaism and the author of the book was...

This chapter draws on the earliest extant ChineseChina [Chinese] mathematical sourcesMathematical text [mathematical tablet, manuscript, classic, work, source] to address history of executionHistory execution (of an operation) [historicity operations] divisionDivisionexecution division. The sources are two kinds: third- and second-century manuscripts classics, completed from first century CE on...

since the second half of the first century ad onward, varicus verbal sects and religions began to flourish. one of the currents, thought was mutazelie that there was no desirable relations with shia until the middle of third century ad. therefore, at this point of times many leaders of two groups wrote so many refutuation in the case of each other, that their purpose of this action was to defen...

the second half of the third hijri century, coinciding with the reign of three caliphs, al-mu’tamid (256-79 ah), al-mu’tadhid (279-89 ah), and al-muktafi (289-95 ah), abbasids restored their authority and renewed their organization. this reform process which was began by abu ahmad al-muwaffaq (d. 278 ah) and reached its climax at the time of abu al-abbas al-mu’tadhid stood between two decline p...

the concept of the quran miraculousness had undergone several stages before getting to its pinnacle in the fourth century. in the first stage – which took place during the first and second centuries – it cab be witnessed that the lecturers and scholars of the era have confessed their incompetence to compete with the quran, and the scholars and exegetes have left untouched the miracle-related is...