Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an ocular condition that frequently manifests with thyroid disfunction, and the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. It involves organ specific autoimmune reaction can affect gland, orbital periorbital tissue. The primarily affects women it commonest cause unilateral bilateral axial proptosis in young middle -aged adults. clinic...

Most patients receive conservative treatment — lubrication of the eye to reduce symptoms related to disturbance of the tear film. About 5% of patients will need more aggressive therapy (e.g., systemic corticosteroids, orbital radiation, surgical removal of orbital walls) to prevent vision loss caused by either compression of the optic nerve by enlarging extraocular muscles or corneal ulceration...

Treatment ........................................................... 16  Introduction to treatment ................................ 16  Management of systemic hyperthyroidism...... 17  Overview of treatment options ....................... 20 o Corticosteroids .......................................... 20 o Orbital radiotherapy .................................. 20 o Selenium ..................

Management is challenging and requires a team approach. Medical management is only available in the active, early phase. When the disease becomes inactive (no acute inflammation), surgery is the only option. TED is sight-threatening in up to 5% of patients, although most cases are mild and self-limiting. [1]See also separate articles Thyroid Function Tests, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism in P...

This is a case report describing patient with severe thyroid eye disease complicated dysthyroid optic neuropathy that was unresponsive to intravenous steroids and orbital radiotherapy but responded well tocilizumab.

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, or thyroid eye disease (TED), is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is usually associated with thyroid disease. Clinical observation supports the existence of three main TED subtypes, namely ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy, and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TED rem...

PURPOSE Overcorrection of hypotropia subsequent to adjustable suture surgery following inferior rectus recession is undesirable, often resulting in persistent diplopia and reoperation. I hypothesized that overcorrection shift after suture adjustment may be unique to thyroid eye disease, and the use of a nonabsorbable suture may reduce the occurrence of overcorrection. METHODS A retrospective ...

Introduction: Utilization of computed tomography (CT) scans is increasing annually. This study aimed to reduce the absorbed dose of sensitive organs in the head (eye lenses and thyroid) and to assess changes in resultant images quality in head scans when the radiation dose is decreased. Material and Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was examined with head protocols in both helical and sectio...

Thyroid ophthalmopathy, or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is the most common cause of exophthalmos in adults. Graves first described thyroid disease with associated ophthalmopathy in 1835. To date, the pathogenesis of thyroid ophthalmopathy remains speculative, as reflected by the numerous names by which it is described such as dysthyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease, thyroid orbitopathy, eut...