Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, or thyroid eye disease (TED), is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is usually associated with thyroid disease. Clinical observation supports the existence of three main TED subtypes, namely ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy, and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TED rem...

Aim: The risk factors and epidemiological data for Graves’ ophthalmopathy with and without abnormal circulating thyroid levels were examined to determine the relation of thyroid dysfunction to ophthalmopathy. Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated 482 patients seen with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Of these, 413 were classified as having abnormal levels of circulating thyroid hormone (ALTH) ...

CASE REPORT The effect of a somatostatin analogue in a patient with Graves' ophthalmopathy is presented, including data on the dose requirements and the results of therapy. DISCUSSION There are few effective options for the management of Graves' ophthalmopathy, a cell-mediated immune co-morbidity of thyroid disease. Somatostatin analogues inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and activation, and a...

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder, caused by thyroid-stimulating antibodies, which bind to and activate the thyrotropin receptor on thyroid cells, inducing the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. It is a polygenic and multifactorial disease that develops as a result of complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental and/or endogenous factors. Graves' disease ...

AIM The risk factors and epidemiological data for Graves' ophthalmopathy with and without abnormal circulating thyroid levels were examined to determine the relation of thyroid dysfunction to ophthalmopathy. METHODS The authors retrospectively evaluated 482 patients seen with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Of these, 413 were classified as having abnormal levels of circulating thyroid hormone (ALTH) ...

The aetiology of ophthalmopathy associated with thyroid disease is unknown. Excessive secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) had been suggested as a cause of exophthalmos (thyrotropic) (Falconer and Alexander, 195I). However, assays for thyrotropic hormone in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy failed to reveal an elevation of TSH in the blood either before or during the development of acu...

We have sought human eye muscle membrane binding antibodies in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Antibodies were found in patients with thyroid autoimmunity irrespective of eye signs, and binding correlated closely (r = 0.94) with binding to skeletal muscle, showing that these antibodies are not site-specific. T cells from patients with thyroid autoimmunit...

Problem. Clinical features of Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) generally improve during pregnancy and rebound in the postpartum period. It is unclear whether the ophthalmopathy that is associated with GH and, less often, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) changes in parallel with the thyroid associated antibody reactions and clinical features or runs a different course. Method of Study. We retrospectivel...

BACKGROUND Ophthalmopathy is a common manifestation of Graves' disease (GD) occurring in up to 50% of patients. Mild eye signs are also common in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Whilst a genetic predisposition to GD has been demonstrated this is not the case for the ophthalmopathy which often runs a separate course. OBJECTIVE We determined the prevalences of eye and eyelid signs and po...