This study presents the results of an investigation of respiratory symptoms, lung function, chest X-ray examinations, analysis of specific IgE antibodies and skin prick tests to fungi on 130 tobacco-processing workers and 112 control workers. Industrial hygiene survey and environmental mycological studies were also performed. The average dust concentrations ranged from 13.76 to 29.55 mg/m(3) in...

The increasing globalization of commodity markets, especially during the 1990s, has posed new challenges for developing countries. In many cases, the need to compete with a growing range of producers in foreign markets has forced local producers in developing countries to integrate into global commodity chains (Dolan, Humphrey and Harris -Pascal, 1999; Gereffi, 1999; Kaplinsky, 1999; Schmitz an...

Indonesia’s climate has suitable for tobacco growth. plants can live in drylands. Tobacco is planted optimum with a size of 100cm x 70cm. The right used to count the amount that will be according area land. Technology developed help farmer monitor their crops and yields, by using image processing. Farmers easily without having go field calculate manually. In our research, processing combined kn...

The Industrial Ethernet based on IP realizes interconnection of industrial network and information network, and it is the most potential technology in the new industrial net products. In this paper, the defects of the original control system for tobacco shred production line are analyzed, and the new design plan of control system based on EtherNet/IP is presented. The control net adopts redunda...

Most of classification, quality evaluation or grading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves are manually operated, which relies on the judgmental experience of experts, and inevitably limited by personal, physical and environmental factors. The classification and the quality evaluation are therefore subjective and experientially based. In this paper, an automatic classification method of tobacco lea...

This study quantitatively analyzes the general equilibrium effects of declines in world demand for tobacco products. The study finds that tobacco exports and production in the three developing countries, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Turkey, would be badly hit if world tobacco prices fall due to the decline in tobacco demand. Moreover, for a given decrease in the world tobacco price, the more important...