Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kasus pemecahan masalah modus tollens yang berkaitan dengan keyakinan. adalah penelitian kualitatis kenis studi kasus. Kasus dikaji dalam kolektif. Subjek tiga mahasiswa Pendidikan matematika telah belajar logika matematika. Instrumen Peneliti, tollens, rubrik indikator, lembar validasi, buku catatan dan pedoman wawancara. Hasil proses mental terkategori menjad...

A novel fuzzy reasoning method, called FSI (fuzzy similarity inference) is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the unified forms of FSI which the diverse implication operators can be employed are proposed. And the computational formulas for both fuzzy modus ponens (FMP) and fuzzy modus tollens (FMT) are obtained. Secondly, the unified forms of α-FSI method are established, and the formulas for...

We establish a probabilized version of modus tollens, deriving from p(E jH)1⁄4 a and p( E)1⁄4 b the best possible bounds on p( H). In particular, we show that p( H)! 1 as a, b ! 1, and also as a, b ! 0.

A fuzzy rough set approach has been proposed without using any fuzzy logical connectives. By this approach, gradual decision rules are induced from a given decision table. Fuzzy-rough modus ponens and fuzzy-rough modus tollens have been formulated based on the gradual decision rules. The equivalence condition between fuzzy-rough modus ponens and fuzzy-rough modus tollens is discussed. The condi...

A mild, facile one-step synthetic strategy for the preparation of size- and shape-controlled silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is presented. The high degree of size- and shape-control of these AgNPs is achieved by the use of triazole sugar ligands scaffolded by a central resorcinol ether core. Both the triazoles and the resorcinol ether core mediate the nucleation, growth, and passivation phases of ...

The potential for application of any nanoparticles, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), is strongly dependent on their stability against aggregation. Therefore, improvement of this parameter is a key task, especially in the case of AgNPs, because a correlation between size and biological activity has been demonstrated. In the present work, a natural stabilizer, gelatin, was investigated for...

This paper defends a counterexample to Modus Tollens, and uses it to draw some conclusions about the logic and semantics of indicative conditionals and probability operators in natural language. Along the way we investigate some of the interactions of these expressions with knows, and we call into question the thesis that all knowledge ascriptions have truthconditions. A probabilistic dynamic s...