In this paper we make two observations related to discrete torsion. First, we observe that an old obscure degree of freedom (momentum/translation shifts) in (symmetric) string orbifolds is related to discrete torsion. We point out how our previous derivation of discrete torsion from orbifold group actions on B fields includes these momentum lattice shift phases, and discuss how they are realize...

In 1937, Baer [5] introduced the notion of the type of an element in a torsion-free abelian group and showed that this notion provided a complete invariant for the classification problem for torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1. Since then, despite the efforts of such mathematicians as Kurosh [23] and Malcev [25], no satisfactory system of complete invariants has been found for the torsion-fre...

Let τ be a hereditary torsion theory on ModR and suppose that Qτ : ModR → ModR is the localization functor. It is shown that for all R-modules M, every higher derivation defined on M can be extended uniquely to a higher derivation defined on Qτ(M) if and only if τ is a higher differential torsion theory. It is also shown that if τ is a TTF theory and Cτ : M →M is the colocalization functor, the...

Let R and S be arbitrary associative rings. Given a bimodule RWS , we denote by ∆? and Γ? the functors Hom?(−, W ) and Ext?(−, W ), where ? = R or S. We say that RWS is a finitistic weakly cotilting bimodule (briefly FWC) if for each module M cogenerated by W , finitely generated or homomorphic image of a finite direct sum of copies of W , ΓM = 0 = Ext(M, W ). We are able to describe, on a larg...

M be a module. In this article we study δ–essential submodules as a dual of δ-small submodules of Zhou where δ = {N ∈ σ[M ] : Rej(N,M) = 0} and M = {N ∈ σ[M ] : N ¿ b N}, and also define μ-M–singular modules as modules N ∈ σ[M ] such that N ∼= K/L for some K ∈ σ[M ] and L is μ–essential in K. By M–M–singular modules and δ–M– singular modules a characterization of GCO–modules, and by FC–M–singul...