NOEC and LOEC (no and lowest observed effect concentrations, respectively) are toxicological concepts derived from analysis of variance (ANOVA), a not very sensitive method that produces ambiguous results and does not provide confidence intervals (CI) of its estimates. For a long time, despite the abundant criticism that such concepts have raised, the field of the ecotoxicology is reticent to a...

I address and explain the increased risk of adverse effects from nutrients by using the paradigm of hormesis, the biological and toxicological concept that small quantities have opposite effects from large quantities. To provide necessary background, I categorize, depict, discuss, and contrast hormetic and other dose-response relations. I review some of the different hormetic mechanisms that ot...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com of nanostructures with the biological system of human being. Nanotoxicity occurs when biological system induces toxic biological responses due to the interaction with the properties of nanostructures either physical properties, chemical properties or both. Nanostructures include Nanoparticles, Nanotubes, Nanometals, Nanowire, Nanoballs and Nanocapsu...

To characterize the toxicological hazards of petroleum gases, 90-day inhalation toxicity (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] 413) and developmental toxicity (OECD 414) tests were conducted with liquefied propane gas (LPG) at concentrations of 1000, 5000, or 10,000 ppm. A micronucleus test (OECD 474) of LPG was also conducted. No systemic or developmental effects were o...

Punica granatum (Pg), commonly known as pomegranate (Pg), is a member of the monogeneric family, Punicaceae, and is mainly found in Iran which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. Pg and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines), anti-cancer and anti-angiog...

The design of toxicological testing strategies aimed at identifying the toxic effects of chemicals without (or with a minimal) recourse to animal experimentation is an important issue for toxicological regulations and for industrial decision-making. This article describes an original approach which enables the design of substance-tailored testing strategies with a specified performance in terms...