This study aims at comparing the economic relations of Japan with Iran and with Saudi Arabia. The comparison of these two relations is important as Iran and Saudi Arabia are leading exporters and Japan is a large importer of crude oil in the world. After a brief overview of the history of these two relations, the criteria of trade complementarity, i.e. Trade Potential Naive Assessment, Cosine M...

Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models play a central role in modern economic modeling, bearing on a wide range of important applications in international climate and trade policies, growth and development of countries, national income distribution and equality studies. We formulate a canonical CGE model as a complementarity problem and introduce CIM-EARTH, a collection of open-source exte...

Poland and Ukraine to substantiate on its basis the priority areas of further mutually beneficial cooperation built principles complementarity strategic partnership. The authors article applied a comprehensive approach analysis bilateral trade relations between Ukraine, in particular, Trade Complementarity Index (CI) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) were used analysis. statistical data Stat...

We endogenize the trade mechanism in a search economy with many homogenous sellers and many heterogenous buyers of unobservable type. We study how heterogeneity and the traders’ continuation values—which are endogenous—inßuence the sellers’ choice of trade mechanism. Sellers trade off the probability of an immediate sale against the surplus expected from it, choosing whether to trade with every...

Pakistan’s economic ties with Turkey have improved in the past few years. A recently stated pledge to create a free trade agreement between Pakistan and Turkey is likely to trigger a further expansion of economic integration. This paper starts by reviewing trends in Pakistan’s bilateral trade with Turkey since 1996. Next, it estimates an augmented gravity model aiming to project Pakistan’s trad...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: F13 F42 F51 Keywords: Trade war out of fear Risk-dominant equilibrium Global game in trade policies Strategic complementarity Trade retaliation strategies This paper examines why the recent efforts to arrange free trade regimes have failed repeatedly focusing on the increased uncertainties in economic fundamentals and the asymmetric political economic c...

Mayan towns in the Guatemalan highlands hold markets on specific days of the week. A market is attended by local townspeople, by peasants residing in the town’s hinterland, and by vendors bringing wares from other towns. A market functions to bring in goods from other ecological zones, to bring in goods from higher order centers, and to sell surpluses of locally produced goods. To understand ho...

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on a novel complementarity between VAT and trade taxes. Downstream domestic firms require receipts from importers to claim purchases, increasing incentives for honest reporting of imports. Trade gap, the difference mirror reports in Iran at 6-digit HS disaggregation, is used measure this complementarity. introduced 2008 and, since then, has increa...