Lichens are a stable symbiotic association between photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and mycobiont (fungi). They utilized in traditional medicine for ages documented various pharmacopeia throughout the world. India is having rich diversity of lichen species represented by about 2400 species. The tribal inhabitant around forests other difficult terrains acquired unique knowledge use much w...

Cold therapy are as an oldest method that used for treatment of truma and pain and as a folk remedy that use for relife of spasm and inflamation. Cold can exert a profound physiological effect on the body especially of reducing inflammation caused by injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Because reduction of inflammation is the primary goal, cryotherapy is the treatment of choise for the firs...

Cold therapy are as an oldest method that used for treatment of truma and pain and as a folk remedy that use for relife of spasm and inflamation. Cold can exert a profound physiological effect on the body especially of reducing inflammation caused by injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Because reduction of inflammation is the primary goal, cryotherapy is the treatment of choise for the firs...

In the European Union, traditional herbal medicines that are regarded as “acceptably safe, albeit not having a recognized level of efficacy” fit into a special category of drugs (“traditional herbal medicine products”) for which requirements of non-clinical and clinical studies are less rigorous. A regulation proposal published by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance (Anvisa) defines a si...

AIMS The blood tests used traditionally as markers of excessive drinking are the liver enzymes, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the red blood cell volume (mean corpuscular volume: MCV). Here we review the nature of these markers' association with alcohol use, their practical application in detecting, assessing or monitori...