Transdermal absorption of flurbiprofen (FP) from a cataplasm (CFP) and its antiinflammatory effect were investigated in the rat under various skin temperature conditions. As the skin temperature was raised, the plasma concentration of FP after application of the cataplasm increased significantly. It was demonstrated by a release and in vitro penetration experiment that skin penetration is the r...

Pain, whether it is acute or chronic, can induce stress and reduce overall quality of life for domestic felines. Tramadol, a synthetic opioid that exerts analgesic effects by binding to μ-opioid receptors as well as inhibiting neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, can be used alone or in combination with NSAIDs for the treatment of domestic feline pain. Tramadol can be incorporated...

Women may benefit from hormone replacement therapy to alleviate undesirable menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, disruption of sleep and fatigue. Transdermal hormone replacement therapy consists in the delivery of hormones through the skin and into the blood stream, avoiding gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties and the first pass effect. Transdermal compounded medications may be cu...

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the major nutritional deficiency disorders. Iron deficiency anemia occurs due to decreased absorption of iron from diet, chronic blood loss and other associated diseases. The importance of iron and deleterious effects of iron deficiency anemia are discussed briefly in this review followed by the transdermal approaches to deliver iron. Transdermal delivery of iro...

As skin is a readily accessible organ of the body, it acts as the portal of entry for extraneous substances for their effective transdermal delivery. Possessing various advantages, it has the limitation of low permeability of drugs across it, limiting the efficacy of drugs. Therefore, various carrier systems have been developed to enhance the permeation deep into the systemic circulation. The p...

AIM The feasibility of transdermal delivery of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, by anodal iontophoresis patches using Ag/AgCl electrodes was investigated. METHODS To examine the effect of current strength, species variation and drug concentration on skin permeability of naloxone, in vitro skin permeation studies were performed using rat dorsal skin and porcine ear skin as the membrane. To dete...

Transdermal drug delivery systems are involved in the continuous administration of drug molecules from the surface of the skin into the circulatory system. Such systems have proved advantageous for delivery of certain drugs, such as scopolamine, nicotine, nitroglycerine, and estradiol. Compared with oral administration, transdermal drug delivery offers better uniformity of drug concentrations i...

Transdermal administration of analgesic medications offers several benefits over alternative routes of administration, including a decreased systemic drug load with fewer side effects, and avoidance of drug degradation by the gastrointestinal tract. Transdermal administration also offers a convenient mode of drug administration over an extended period of time, particularly desirable in pain med...

In this study, a novel glycerosome carrier containing essential oils was prepared for topical administration of paeoniflorin (PF) to enhance its transdermal drug delivery and improve drug absorption in the synovium. The formulation of glycerosomes was optimized by a uniform design, and the final vehicle was composed of 5% (w/v) phospholipid, 0.6% (w/v) cholesterol, and 10% (v/v) glycerol, with ...