In this paper, the cost function for a three-echelon inventory system with two warehouses is derived. Transportation times are constant and retailers face independent Poisson demand. Replenishments are one-for-one. The lead time of a retailer is determined not only by the constant transportation time but also by the random delay incurred due to the availability of stock at the warehouses. We co...

As the second largest economic entity in the world, China plays an important role in controlling global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The land transportation sector (including railway transportation and road transportation) has been the most important source of emissions in China and the average CO2 emissions of land transportation were 529.31 million tons during the period 2009e2012. In this...

Received: 10 September 2013 Abstract Accepted: 5 November 2013 Transport plays a key role in inventory management since it affects logistic costs as well as environmental performance of the supply chain. Expected value and variability of supply lead time depend on the transportation means adopted, and influence the optimal values of order quantity, reorder level, and safety stock to be adopted....

the goal of this paper is to develop a decision support system (dss) as a journey planner in complex and large multimodal urban network called rahyar. rahyar attempts to identify the most desirable itinerary among all feasible alternatives. the desirability of an itinerary is measured by a disutility function, which is defined as a weighted sum of some criteria. the weights represent travelers’...

Transportation networks have been developed during the recent decades with the rapid growth of economy. At the same time, the conflicts between different transportation modes were getting more and more intense. To describe the competition relationship in integrated transportation system, a multi-agent competition model was presented. It is important to provide decision support for regulators to...

The analysis of the most researches related to the supplier selection shows that very little attention is given to transportation although its cost may be significant important to this selection. In this paper, we present a multiobjective approach of selecting suppliers and allocating the order quantity among them, taking into account transportation. The objectives to minimize in the model are ...

Effective transportation systems lead to the efficient movement of goods and people, which significantly contribute to the quality of life in every society. In the heart of every economic and social development, there is always a transportation system. Meanwhile, traffic congestion has been increasing worldwide because of increased motorization, urbanization, population growth, and changes in p...

Most distribution network design models considered to date have focused on minimizing fixed costs of facility location and transportation costs. Measures of customer satisfaction driven by the operational dynamics such as lead times have seldom been considered. We consider the design of an outbound supply chain network considering lead times, location of distribution facilities and choice of tr...