In this paper, the build and survived railway stations over the time at which first railway lineconstruction started at Turkey until the present had been examined and the ones which were out of use and lost theiroriginal function with time had been determined. Also the determined building stock had been evaluated based onthe principle of giving new function to the old buildings, in especial of ...

In 2001, railways in Japan carried 21.79 billion passengers (25.1% of all passenger transport) or 384.5 billion passenger-km (27% of all passenger transport). Rail freight totalled 59 million tonnes (1.0% of all freight transport) or 22.2 billion tonnekm (3.8% of total), clearly indicating that Japanese railway operators are almost exclusively passenger companies. Following the 1987 privatizati...

Despite being one of the world’s largest railways networks, with a daily transportation of over 25 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight, the Indian Railways perform their signaling, traffic management and trains scheduling activities in a completely manual way. The lack of automation causes not only significant delays, but also frequent collisions where passengers die or remain se...

Railways were the most important infrastructure development in India from 1850 to 1947. They were inter-connected with all aspects of Indian society. In terms of the economy, railways played a major role in integrating markets and increasing trade. Domestic and international economic trends shaped the pace of railway construction and the demand for the important traffic flows to the ports. In t...

well known and popular a work as Kinger's " Hand-book of therapeutics," to point out tliat it contains several additions which makes its possession desirable even if previous editions are in hand. One novel feature is a brief sketch of the symptoms of disease from a therapeutic point of view?of the indications for treatment afforded by the tongue, pulse, skin, temperature, &c. This is very well...

Formal verification and validation is a fundamental step for the certification of railways critical systems. Many railways safety standards (e.g. the CENELEC EN-50126, EN-50128 and EN-50129 standards implement the mandatory safety requirements of IEC-61508-7 standard for Functional and Safety) currently mandate the use of formal methods in the design to certify correctness. In this paper we des...

GHISLAINE GEELEN,1,2 TOMI LAITINEN,3 JUHA HARTIKAINEN,4 ESKO LÄNSIMIES,3 KIM BERGSTRÖM,3 AND LEO NISKANEN4 Departments of 3Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and 4Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland; and 1Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Grange Blanche, Université Claude Bernard, and 2Hospices Civils de...

We consider a random generalized railway defined as a random 3-regular multigraph where some vertices are regarded as switches not allowing traffic between any pair of attached edges. It is shown that the probability that the generalized railway is functioning is linear in the proportion of switches. Thus there is no threshold phenomenon for this property.