the increase of healthcare costs improved as a rule the health of the population. sometimes the positive effects of this expense are shaded off. on one hand, this expense improves the offer of the medical care. other influential factors on the health of population, we quote as example the training, the lifestyle, the hygiene and the distribution of income. on the other hand the increase of thes...

This paper proposes a new panel unit root test based on Simes’ [Biometrika 1986, “An Improved Bonferroni Procedure for Multiple Tests of Significance”] classical intersection test. The test is robust to general patterns of cross-sectional dependence and yet straightforward to implement, only requiring p-values of time series unit root tests of the series in the panel, and no resampling. Monte C...

Both seasonal unit roots and periodic variation can be prevalent in data. In the testing of under variation, validity existing methods, such as HEGY test, remains unknown. The behavior augmented test unaugmented is analyzed. It turns out that asymptotic null distributions statistics single at 1 or − when there are identical to no variation. On other hand, any coexistence 1, , i non-standard dif...

In this paper, we consider and examine the performance of two-step LM unit root tests with trend-breaks. In the first step, we jointly test for the existence and location of breaks using a maximum F-test. In the second step, we utilize the identified breaks and test for a unit root. A transformation procedure is adopted so that the tests with trend-breaks are invariant to nuisance parameters. W...

This paper proposes a simple and improved nonparametric unit–root test. An asymptotic distribution of the proposed test is established. Finite sample comparisons with an existing nonparametric test are discussed. Some issues about possible extensions are outlined.