This paper puts the gains from trade and the environmental costs of trade on the same theoretical and empirical footing in order to provide a more complete measure of trade’s welfare effects. To undertake this analysis, the paper describes a model of trade and the environment, compiles new data on the CO2 emissions from intranational and international shipping, and estimates the model’s key par...

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established strict regulations for highway diesel engine exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to aid in meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The emission standards were phased in with stringent standards for 2007 model year (MY) heavy-duty engines (HDEs), and even more stringent NOX standards for 201...

Overexpression of the tumour suppressor gene p53 was investigated immunohistochemically in 96 primary gastric carcinomas and 26 corresponding metastatic perigastric lymph nodes. Abnormalities in p53 expression were found in 52 (54%) of the 96 primary carcinomas. Tumours stained positively for p53 frequently metastasised to lymph nodes (the metastatic rate: 85%) compared to findings in those wit...

Emissions from motor vehicles have gained the attention of government agencies. To alleviate air pollution and reduce petroleum demand in China, policy “oil to gas” was vigorously carried out. Qingdao began promote use natural gas (NGVs) 2003. By end 2016, there were 9460 (NG) taxis Qingdao, which accounted for 80% total taxis. An understanding implementation emission reductions is required. Ex...

The pollution haven hypothesis suggests that unilateral environmental regulation could cause adverse “competitiveness” impacts on domestic manufacturers as they lose market share to foreign competitors and relocate production activity – and emissions – to unregulated economies. This is particularly troubling in the case of mitigating climate change, a global pollution externality, where there a...

Current and proposed greenhouse gas cap-and-trade systems allow regulated entities to offset abatement requirements by paying unregulated entities to abate. These offsets from unregulated entities are believed to contain system costs and stabilize allowance prices. However, the supply of offsets is highly uncertain and may be correlated with other sources of uncertainty in emissions trading sys...

By comparing the ozone depletion potential-weighted anthropogenic emissions of N2O with those of other ozone-depleting substances, we show that N2O emission currently is the single most important ozone-depleting emission and is expected to remain the largest throughout the 21st century. N2O is unregulated by the Montreal Protocol. Limiting future N2O emissions would enhance the recovery of the ...